Structure, Function, Nutrition, Growth
This type of carbohydrate includes mono-, di-, and polysaccharides (starch and sugars)
Nonstructural carbohydrate
Most tolerant of close grazing with leaves that are shaped like a boat.
Kentucky Bluegrass
Why can legumes increase the yield and quality of pasture grasses?
Nitrification
This plant provides summer grazing but is often considered a weed.
Crabgrass
This nutrient can be stored as energy and provide insulation for the animal; it is a basic structure of the plant cell wall.
Lipids
What height should you cut a pasture grass sample at to send off for analysis?
3-4"
When are weeds more problematic for animal health: in pasture or in hay?
Hay
What percentage (range) of soil organic matter is derived from weathered rock and minerals and is referred to as mineral soil?
1-10%
When the plant is preparing to go into winter, what happens to the level of carbohydrates stored in the roots?
Increases/is higher
Glue between plant cells
Pectin
Bunch-type grass that forms open sod due to profuse tillering. It requires frequent defoliation and has a flat stem.
Orchardgrass
How many cuttings should happen to alfalfa throughout the growing season?
Three
This warm season is non-native to the US originating from Africa.
Teff
What enzyme do mammals lack that is important for fiber digestion?
Cellulase
This type of forage analysis can determine if there is mold, debris, or type of forage in a bale of hay.
Visual analysis
This weed can cause blisters in the mouth when awns get stuck in the gums.
Foxtail
What pH range do we want the soil to be for optimal nutrient uptake?
Neutral
Young plant regrowth is high in what nutrient?
Protein
During the night, the plant uses stored sugars for growth and repair
Respiration
This bunch-type grass stores energy in corms and uniquely flowers and produces seedheads throughout the summer.
Timothy
An underground stem that is capable of producing new plants at the nodes.
Rhizomes
Also known as grease grass.
Purpletop
This amino acid is found in low quantity in feedstuff and is the first rate limiting AA.
Lysine
When you get your forage sample analysis back, do you want your ADF and NDF values to be higher or lower?
Lower = more digestible (ADF) and higher intake (NDF)
This weed is common in heavy use areas and is distinguished by a pair of spines at the base of the leaf petiole and central stem. There are some issues with toxicity but small ruminants often consumes the seeds anyway.
Spiny Amaranth "Pig Weed"
Fine earth particles (2mm to <0.002mm) texture and size, along with nature, and arrangement of soil aggregates can influence soil pore size and ease of tillage and drainage. Which particle is most strongly aggregated together?
Clay
The ratio of leaf area compared to the land that it covers
Leaf Area Index
This carbohydrate is the major component of the cell wall
Cellulose
This grass can accumulate high selenium which can be toxic to horses and cause staggers in ruminants.
Reed Canarygrass
There are two legumes we discussed that are not known to cause bloat in ruminants. What are they?
Birdsfoot Trefoil and Lespedeza
This grass produces extensive rhizomes and stolons. Newer cultivars have been developed for an increased cold tolerance.
Bermudagrass
Which mineral deficiency can cause grass tetany, and emergency, in ruminants?
Magnesium
Crude protein is estimated based on the Nitrogen content, not directly measured. What do you multiply total N by to calculate crude protein?
This weed is often a sign of poor fertility and acidic soils. Cattle will graze the young vegetative growth, but it can cause gum problems when it is mature and has gone to seed.
Broomsedge
pH is measured by the concentration of which ion in the soil?
H+ or hydrogen
Which nutrient limits the rate of leaf elongation?
Nitrogen
Organelles that convert solar energy into chemical energy
Chloroplasts
Which two cool season grasses can cause livestock problems due to endophyte fungus toxicity?
Ryegrass and Tall Fescue
This legume is a short-lived perennial that has an erect growth habit and is susceptible to a number of root diseases.
Red Clover
This perennial grass has the potential to cause prussic acid poisoning in livestock.
Johnsongrass
This mineral is returned to the pasture via animal urine and manure but can be a source of pollution in waterways. It is part of the cell membrane of the plant.
Phosphorus
Many factors can influence the quality of your forage. Which factor is the greatest determinant of nutritional value of a plant?
Forage maturity
Grazing this weed can cause blisters in the mouth and irritate the gastrointestinal lining. If grazed in large quantities, it can cause convulsions or death. It is less toxic if consumed in hay.
Buttercup
Limestone in the soil significantly affects soil's chemical properties which can benefit animals bones and growth. Besides calcium, which other mineral is deposited from limestone?
Magnesium
In order to maximize pasture productivity you need to harvest forages at 95% light interception. What is going to determine the length of the lag phase before rapid regrowth and the time until the next harvest is ready?
Leaf area/amount of protein and carbohydrates remaining after initial harvest (moderate vs severe defoliation).