Glycolysis
Where glycolysis happens.
Cytoplasm
Pyruvate is synthesized where.
Cytoplasmic matrix.
These jump from molecule to molecule in the ETC, losing small amounts of energy at each step.
High-energy electrons
Microbes that lack these for cellular respiration rely solely on fermentation.
Enzymes
Leaves obtain CO2 for photosynthesis from the air through these.
Pores in the epidermis called stomata (singular, stoma)
Stroma
Imagine that, similar to events that occurred 65 million years ago, a huge meteorite were to hit Earth tomorrow, spewing cloudy debris into the atmosphere and blocking a large proportion of sunlight. Because plants rely on sunlight, global rates of photosynthesis would be greatly reduced, and many of the animals that depend on photosynthetic plants (such as herbivores and the predators that feed on those herbivores) would starve or go extinct.
In this scenario, why can't the plants continue to produce sugars and survive if the sugar-producing reactions in photosynthesis are considered "light independent"?
The Calvin cycle, used to drive the synthesis of glucose, requires ATP and NADPH produced from the light reactions.
Glycolysis has two energy stages.
Investment and harvesting.
Just before the Kreb's cycle begins, _____ is formed.
Acetyl CoA
Energy released by high energy electrons is harnessed to pump _____ from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
H+
True/False: Fermentation does not produce ATP.
____ are organelles with a double membrane enclosing a fluid called the ___. Embedded in this fluid are disk-shaped membranous sacs called ___.
Chloroplasts; stroma; thylakoids.
During ___, carbon from CO2 is incorporated, or “fixed,” into a larger organic molecule called ___.
Carbon fixation; phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
Adding phosphates to glucose makes this highly reactive compound.
Fructose bisphosphate
# of NADHs created when 1 pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA.
One NADH/pyruvate.
This "pulls" electrons through the ETC forming water with H+ ion.
Oxygen
Fermentation happens here.
Cytoplasm.
____ is a key light-capturing pigment molecule in chloroplasts, absorbing violet, blue, and red light.
Chlorophyll a
Energy donated by ATP and NADPH is used to convert six PGA molecules into six of these.
3-carbon sugar molecule G3P
This three carbon molecule is converted to the final three carbon molecule in glycolysis.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Alternative name for the Kreb's cycle. Why?
Citric acid cycle, first chemical created in the cycle of reactions.
_____: process by which energy is first used to generate a gradient of H+, and then captured in the bonds of ATP as H+ flows down its gradient
Chemiosmosis
With no oxygen to allow the ETC to function, the cell must regenerate _____ for glycolysis using fermentation.
NAD+
This photosystem leads to the production of NADPH.
PS I.
___: when plant stomata are closed in hot environments to prevent water loss, oxygen builds up in the plant cells and RuBP combines with it, rather than CO2, in this wasteful process
Photorespiration
If this did not exist glycolysis would stop.
NAD+
# of the following produced per glucose molecule during the Kreb's cycle. NADH, FADH2, ATP.
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
These generate ATP from ADP and phosphate by utilizing the flow of H+ ions down their concentration gradient.
ATP synthase channels
When I work hard enough to use up all the available oxygen, I ferment pyruvate to lactic acid.
Muscles
What role does water play during photosynthesis.
Provides a source of electrons.
This alternative photosynthetic pathway utilizes two cells instead of one.
C4