Sandstone
the grinding and bumping of rocks that cause physical
Abrasion
an orderly arrangement of atoms and molecules with a specific shape determined by its chemical composition
Crystal
material that is deposited by water, wind, or ice
Sediment
when one tectonic plate slides under another
Subduction
in terms of volcanoes, a volcano that has erupted during recorded history, is currently erupting, or is likely to erupt in the near future
Active
a low-lying area where water may accumulate
Basin
formed on the exterior of Earth
to form into thin, leaflike layers
Foliation
The settling of sediments
Deposition
any remains, trace, or imprint of animal or plant life preserved in Earth’s crust
Fossil
a carbonate mineral with the chemical formula CaCO3
Calcite
the heat transfer in a fluid in which hot fluid rises and cold fluid sinks, setting up a cycle
Convection
a mix of humus, sand, silt, clay, gravel, and/or pebbles
Soil
the fluid portion of the mantle that has special properties
Asthenosphere
the rigid outer layer of Earth
Crust
the deposition of cement in the spaces between particles of sediment
Cementation
to form into crystals
Crystallization
a rock that has changed from another rock because of heat, pressure, or a chemical reaction
Metamorphic rock
a theory that says geological processes observed in the past are the same as those observed today
Uniformitarianism
the process by which larger rocks crack and break apart over time to form smaller rocks
Weathering
the carrying away of weathered earth materials by water, wind, or ice
Erosion
formed in the interior of Earth
Intrusive
a gap in the geological record during which either no rocks were deposited or existing rocks eroded
Where most volcanoes form
Plate boundary or Ring of fire
a fossil that characterizes a particular period of time because it lived in a large area but for a short amount of time
Index fossil