The Articles Of Confederation
This document, adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781, served as the first constitution of the United States.
The Articles Of Confederation
Brutus No. 1 argued strongly against adopting this new framework of government proposed in 1787.
The Constitution
This document became the supreme law of the United States in 1789.
The Constitution
This man was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Jefferson
A foundational essay arguing that a strong, large republic under the new Constitution is the best way to control the dangers of factions with interests contrary to the rights of others or the community's interest written by James Madison
Federalist 10
Under the Articles, each state had this many votes in Congress, regardless of size.
One Vote Per State
The author warned that this clause of the Constitution would allow Congress to expand its powers beyond what was listed.
Necessary and Proper Clause
This article of the Constitution establishes the legislative branch.
Article I
The Declaration states that people have unalienable rights including life, liberty, and this pursuit.
The Pursuit Of Happiness
Explains how the Constitution's structure creates separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent tyranny
Federalist 51
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Brutus argued that representatives in a large republic would become too distant from these people they were supposed to serve.
The Citizens or The People
This system divides power between the national government and the states.
Federalism
This British king is accused in the Declaration of repeated injuries and usurpations against the colonies.
King George III
Argues for a single, energetic executive as essential for effective government. Asserts that a strong unitary executive is necessary to protect the nation, uphold laws, and ensure accountability, contrasting with a weak, plural executive. Written by Hamilton
Federalist 70
1786–1787 uprising by farmers in Massachusetts highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles government.
Shay’s Rebellion
In Brutus No. 1, the author feared that a government covering such a large territory could not successfully preserve this form of government.
Republic
The first ten amendments to the Constitution are known collectively by this name.
Bill Of Rights
The political philosophy in the Declaration that says governments get their power from the people is called this.
Popular Sovereignty
A foundational document arguing for the necessity of an independent judiciary, life tenure for federal judges, and the power of judicial review written by Hamilton
Federalist 78
This branch of government was missing under the Articles, meaning there was no national leader like a president.
Executive Branch
According to Brutus No. 1, the new Constitution would weaken this level of government and concentrate power nationally.
State Governments
This principle ensures that each branch of government can limit the powers of the others.
Checks And Balances
Many ideas in the Declaration were influenced by this Enlightenment philosopher who wrote about natural rights.
These essays were written to persuade states to ratify the Constitution.
The Federalist Papers