Models & Chains
Why did the triangle of epidemiology need an update?
To make it more relevant and useful with regard to today’s health-related states or events, behavior, lifestyle factors, environmental causes, ecologic elements, physical factors, and chronic diseases must be taken into account.
What are the types of immunity?
Active, passive, and weak
What are the two modes of disease?
Direct and indirect transmission.
What are the three methods of primary prevention?
Health promotion, health education, and health protection
What is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations, and the application of this study to prevent and control health problems
Epidemiology
What is the Epidemiology Triangle?
It is a Model of Disease Causation that demonstrates how factors interrelate.
What will result from a pathogen if it is able to enter the host?
the result will most likely be illness if the host has no immunity to the pathogen
What are the types of transmissions?
Air borne, vehicle-borne, vector-borne, mechanical, and biological.
What can public health assessments help with?
dentifies if, where, and when health problems occur and serves as a guide to public health planning, policy making, and resource allocation
What is distribution in epidemiology?
Where the disease is most common when the disease occurs most frequently, and what public health programs might be most effective.
What are the four factors involved in the original concept of the epidemiological triangle, developed for infectious diseases?
Host (group or population), agent (causative factors), environment, and time.
When thinking of the chain of infection, food, water, and feces, are examples of a
Resevoir
What is an example of an airborne disease?
Tuberculosis
A specific event, condition, or characteristic that precedes the health outcome and is necessary for its occurrence.
What are the two epidemiologic investigations?
Descriptive and Analytic
What concept is used throughout medicine and public health when dealing with infectious diseases? It models the pathway taken by a disease pathogen. Disruption of any point in the chain can prevent transmission.
The Chain of Infection
When thinking of the chain of infection, where does disease transmission begin?
At the resevoir
What are three examples of blood-borne infections?
HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C
What can the study of epidemiology do for the control of health problems?
■ Identifying individuals and populations at greatest risk for disease
■ Identifying where the public health problem is greatest
■ Monitoring diseases and other health-related events over time
■ Monitoring potential biological, chemical, physical, or behavioral exposures for diseases and other health-related events over time
■ Evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of prevention and treatment programs
■ Providing information that is useful in health planning and decision making for establishing health programs with appropriate priorities
■ Assisting in carrying out public health programs
Epidemiology involves more than just the study of disease; it also includes the study of what?
Events, behaviors, and conditions associated with health,
What are the six links in the chain of infection?
Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
What would make a host generally protected from the invasion of pathogens?
Skin, mucous membranes, and the body’s physiological responses (weeping of mucous membranes to cleanse themselves, acidity in the stomach, cilia in the respiratory tract, coughing, and the natural response of the immune system)
What are three examples of droplet diseases?
Flu, cold, and whooping cough
What can the study of epidemiology do for the prevention of health problems?
information may lead to more efficient resource allocation and to more appropriate application of health programs designed to educate the public and prevent and control disease. Epidemiologic information can also assist individuals in making informed decisions about their own health behavior.
What are the four types of epidemiologic information useful for influencing public health policy and for planning individual health decisions?
Assessment, cause, clinical picture, and evaluation.