Who are ELs?
ELs are entitled to equal access to these two main educational opportunities.
What is content area knowledge and English proficiency?
86% of children of immigrants in the U.S.
What are U.S. born citizens?
These are used to place or exit students from programs; determine grade level promotion or retention; determine if high school diploma is awarded.
What are tests?
Despite being the most frequently used mode of communication, it typically gets the least amount of classroom instruction time.
What is oral language?
Recognizes the need for some direct instruction in reading skills and the importance of teaching skills in meaningful contexts so that students can comprehend and use what they read for authentic purposes.
What is the balanced approach to literacy?
This federal act of 2001 refers to EL students as limited English proficient (LEP).
What is No Child Left Behind?
English added as an addition to the native language.
What is additive bilingualism?
Provide a summary of what a student knows and can do, such as End-of-unit tests or the ELPAC/CELDT.
What are summative assessments?
When students are ready to learn the correct form; when errors impede comprehension or communication; during ESL instruction when a particular language form has been taught and is being practiced; during content-area instruction which includes specific target language forms; when errors are unintentionally offensive or could be embarrassing if the student made the errors in front of fluent English speakers.
What is when to correct student speech errors?
They take a one-size-fits-all approach to literacy instruction; most programs were not developed with ELL students in mind; fail to address their unique linguistic and academic needs; ELLs are often forced to decode words they do not know yet; often result in students who can decode (word-level skills), but who cannot comprehend what they read (text-level skills); takes time away from the type of ESL and literacy instruction ELLs need to develop literacy skills in English.
What are some critiques of Scripted Phonics Programs with ELLs?
This is what parents/guardians fill out when their child first enters a California school to see if another language is used in the home.
What is the home language survey?
Replacing the native language and culture with a new language and culture.
What is assimilation? OR What is subtractive bilingualism?
On-going assessments which help inform what to do next with the students, such as running records, writing samples, exit slips.
What are formative assessments?
Revoicing, repeating, reasoning, adding on, waiting...
What are productive talk moves?
Building knowledge through content-rich nonfiction; reading, writing and speaking grounded in evidence from text, both literary and informational; regular practice with complex text and its academic language.
What are the major shifts for English Language Arts and Literacy in the CCSS?
This label for students emphasizes their development of both their native language and English.
What is Emergent Bilingual?
Country of origin (or parents’country(ies) of origin); home language(s); ethnic and cultural group(s); prior schooling in home country and U.S.; how long student or family has been in the U.S.; literacy skills in the native language(s); parents’ level of education and literacy skills; neighborhood conditions; socioeconomic status; number of siblings, and birth position (e.g., oldest, middle, youngest).
What are some of the sociocultural factors related to ELs?
The accuracy with which a test measures what it purports to measure; refers to how test scores are interpreted and used.
What is validity?
Basic words, high-utility words that cut across all academic content areas, and content-area specific words.
What are the three tiers of vocabulary words or tiered vocabulary?
EL students’ ability to express themselves in written English is highly dependent on their level of this.
What is oral English proficiency?
Students who remain classified as ELLs for 5 years or longer.
What are Long term ELLs or LTELLS?
ELLs tend to be segregated into overcrowded schools with the poorest resources; fewer instructional materials and more outdated curriculum; lack of teachers certified to work with ELLs.
What are some of the factors contributing to underachievement of ELLs?
Home language tests; linguistic simplification; bilingual dictionaries or glossaries; oral translation; test directions or items read aloud in English; extra time; individual or small group administration.
What are Testing Accommodations for ELs?
Think-Pair-Share; Roundtable; Concentric Circles; Numbered Heads Together
What are examples of cooperative learning structures?
A collaborative approach for teaching and guiding students through the writing process stages that includes mini-lessons, conferencing, and author's chair.
What is Writer's Workshop?