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Government (Last)
The Enlightenment
Constitutional Convention
Articles v. Constitution & Federalists v. Anti-Federalists
Principles of Democracy
100

What do the three branches of government do?

1. Legislative - makes laws

2. Executive - enforces laws

3. Judicial - interprets laws

100
This English philosopher suggested that a government's power comes from the consent of the governed and that people are entitled to natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke?
100
This plan was favored by "large" states with representation in Congress based on population.
What is the Virginia Plan?
100
This governing document allows for Congress to levy taxes so that America could pay its debts following the Revolutionary War. It also created an executive branch and established a court system (previously, none existed).
What is the Constitution?
100
Includes the rights to life, liberty, and property (happiness).
What are natural rights?
200

What is the difference between an initiative and a referendum?

An initiative is when citizens propose and gain support for laws, a referendum is when citizens get to vote to uphold or repeal a law.

200

This French philosopher championed the right to free speech.

Who is Voltaire?

200
This plan was favored by "small" states with equal representation (one state, one vote) in Congress.
What is the New Jersey Plan?
200
These individuals favored a strong national/central government that could provide for the common defense at all times.
Who are the Federalists?
200
The freedoms of speech and religion, the right to protection against unreasonable search and seizure, and the rights of the accused and of those on trial.
What are individual rights?
300

What were the outcomes of these Supreme Court cases:

1. Brown v. Board of Education

2. Miranda v. Arizona

3. Gideon v. Wainwright

1. Segregation is inherently unequal and a violation of the 14th Amendment.

2. If a person if unaware of their 5th Amendment right not to self-incriminate, then their testimony is NOT valid evidence.

3. A defendant cannot have a fair trail without a lawyer, and must be provided one if they cannot afford one (6th Amendment).

300
This French philosopher recommended that government be divided into 3 co-equal branches with a system of checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power.
Who is Baron de Montesquieu?
300
This compromise merged 2 plans, creating a bicameral legislature with representation in one chamber (the House) based on population and a second chamber (the Senate) based on equal representation (2 votes per state).
What is the Great (or Connecticut) compromise?
300
This governing document failed to grant the power to tax or to create courts; it also failed to establish an executive branch capable of enforcing the nation's laws.
What is the Articles of Confederation?
300
The restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power through established laws, or the idea that the law applies to all, even presidents.
What is the rule of law?
400

Why were the Articles of Confederation weak?

No executive branch to enforce laws, couldn't tax to raise money, could not easily be amended
400
This French philosopher believed that because humans are corrupted by society, all people must enter into a social contract that requires people to recognize a collective "good will," which represents the common good or public interest.
Who is Jean Jacques Rousseau?
400
This compromise determined that slaves would equal 3/5 of a person when determining population and representation in the House of Representatives.
What is the 3/5 Compromise?
400
These individuals believed local government to be more responsive to citizens' needs and insisted that a Bill of Rights was needed to protect individual freedoms.
Who are the Anti-Federalists?
400
The principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.
What is popular sovereignty?
500

What do these terms mean?

1. Due Process

2. Bureaucracy

3. Federalism

1. We all receive the same benefits and go through the same steps when being accused of a crime.

2. Non-elected government employees (most of the government).

3. The layering of state and federal government, where each enjoys unique powers and responsibilities. 

500
These American politicians (and presidents) incorporated the ideas of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
Who are Thomas Jefferson and James Madison?
500
Order these chronologically from earliest to most recent: Constitution, Mayflower Compact, Articles of Confederation, Declaration of Independence

1. Mayflower Compact

2. Declaration of Independence

3. Articles of Confederation

4. Constitution

500
This governing document declared the supremacy of federal and that the federal government must treat all states alike to avoid conflicts between states and between state and federal government.
What is the Constitution?
500
A political system in which legalized force is restricted through delegated and enumerated powers.
What is limited government?