ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS
I wrote Two Treatises of Government and believed in natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke?
This event in July 1789 involved Parisians storming a royal prison and is considered the symbolic start of the French Revolution.
What is the Storming of the Bastille?
This machine was used to execute people during the Reign of Terror
What is the guillotine?
In this year, Napoleon took control of France in a bloodless coup known as 18 Brumaire.
What is 1799?
These two factors—poor harvests and rising prices—led to famine and contributed to the French Revolution.
What are food shortages and inflation?
I wrote Spirit of the Laws and promoted the idea of separation of powers.
Who is Baron de Montesquieu?
In June 1789, the Third Estate made this oath, promising not to disband until France had a constitution.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
This term describes the old feudal system of France before the Revolution.
What is the Ancien Régime?
This legal code, created by Napoleon in 1804, established a uniform legal system across France and influenced laws worldwide.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
This social system divided France into three estates; the Third Estate had little power despite paying most taxes.
What is the estate system (or social inequality)?
I advocated for freedom of speech and was a strong critic of religious intolerance and superstition.
Who is Voltaire?
This document, established in August 1789, proclaimed principles of liberty, equality, and natural rights for French citizens.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
This term means a sudden, violent overthrow of government—exactly what Napoleon did in 1799.
What is a coup d'état?
In 1804, Napoleon did this—crowning himself and centralizing power while eliminating democratic institutions.
What is he crowned himself Emperor of France?
These Enlightenment philosophers promoted ideas of liberty, equality, and democracy that inspired the French Revolution.
Who are Rousseau and Voltaire? (or other Enlightenment thinkers)
I wrote Social Contract and believed in popular sovereignty—that government power comes from "the general will" of the people.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
This period from 1793–1794 saw thousands of people executed by guillotine under the leadership of Robespierre.
What is the Reign of Terror?
This concept, promoted by Enlightenment thinkers, states that government's legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed.
What is the social contract?
This 1812 military campaign was disastrous for Napoleon, as he lost most of his army in harsh conditions.
What is the invasion of Russia?
This was the primary reason Napoleon was popular with the French people after years of Revolution and chaos.
What is strong leadership (or he offered order and stability)?
I wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and was an early feminist who argued that women deserve the same rights as men.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
In 1792, this political institution was abolished, and France became a republic.
What is the monarchy?
This system, promoted by Napoleon, meant that people were promoted based on ability and talent rather than birth or family connections.
What is meritocracy?
After his final defeat in 1815, Napoleon was exiled to this remote island, where he died in 1821.
What is St. Helena?
These two things—his military defeat in Russia and the coalition of European powers against him—led to Napoleon's downfall.
What are the Russian Campaign failure and European coalition? (or military defeat and united opposition)