What happens to the antibiotic after the animal excretes waste?
Antibiotics that survive in the environment can be broken down slowly through what?
A. Biodegradation B. Genes C. Resistance
What is Biodegradation
When manure from treated livestock is excreted, active antibiotics are applied as what?
A. Fertilizer. B. Antibiotics. C. Bacteria
What is fertilizer
Viruses that attach to the cell and inject DNA into the cell to take control are what?
A. Transformation B. Bacteriophages C. Transduction
What is Bacteriophages
Makes human infections harder to treat and can complicate hospital care, which increases what?
A. Infections. B. Mortality Rates C. Resistance
What is mortality rates
Animals only partially metabolize antibiotics, so that feces and urine can contaminate soil and water when they enter what?
A. The ground B. The soil C. The environment
What is the enviroment
Manure is a major reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes. This bacteria enters the soil and contaminates what 2 things?
A. Grass and water. B. Food and water. C. Animals and humans
What is food and nearby water
What do you call it when something uses free DNA from the environment, vs. taking DNA by bacteriophages? (2 things)
A. Transformation vs Transduction B. Conjugation vs Transduction C. Bacteriophages vs transformation
What is transformation vs Transduction
Antibiotic treatments for common human infections can become ineffective and result in what?
A. Longer illness B. Shorter illness C. Normal illness
What is longer illnesses
Antibiotics in manure select for what?
A. Fertilizer B. Resistant bacteria C. Antibiotics
Resistant bacteria
Antibiotics stay in the soil, killing off bacteria and creating an advantage for?
A. Antibiotics. B. Groundwater. C. Resistant bacteria
What are resistant bacteria
What do you call it when bacteria directly pick up DNA from the environment and implement it into the cell?
A. Transduction B. Transformation C. Bacteriopathogens
What is transformation
Antibiotics used in animals contribute significantly to resistance patterns affecting human health while creating selective pressure for resistant organism which can cause...
A. Dry skin B. Infection C. Antibiotics
What is Infections in humans
Because they are not fully metabolized, antibiotics accumulate in manure, and these can remain stable for long periods, leading to contamination of what 2 things?
A. Soil and water B. Food and water C. Farms and animals
What is soil and water
Rainwater can wash contaminated manure from fields to?
A. Land B. water streams C. Food
What are water streams
What's it called when bacteriophages infect bacteria which can bring genes from other bacteria, which can get incorporated and cause resistance?
A. Conjugation B. Transformation C. Transduction
What is Transduction
This resistance can have serious implications, potentially resulting in...
A. Affective antibiotics B. Antibiotics C. Ineffective antibiotics
What is Antibiotics being ineffective when needed
Residue remaining in the soil can be taken up by crops, allowing antibiotics to enter what?
A. Water sources B. Plants C. Food chain
What is food chain
Manure contains many tiny particles filled with bacteria, which we?
A. Eat B. Touch C. Breath in
What is breath in
What's it called when bacteria pair together through part of the cell membrane and transfer DNA from cell to cell?
A. Transduction B. Transformation C. Conjugation
What is conjugation
The continuous influx of resistant genes from agriculture creates a global, persistent threat, making it difficult to...
A. Stop infection B. Reduce infection C. Control infection
What is to control infections in clinical settings.