Population Genetics
This term describes a population where mating is random, there are no mutations, no natural selection, and no gene flow.
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
These highly negatively charged polysaccharides, such as hyaluronic acid and heparin, are major components of the ground substance and form a hydrated gel due to their ability to bind water.
What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
This pharmacokinetic parameter relates the amount of drug in the body to its concentration in the plasma and is used to determine the loading dose.
This resident cell type in connective tissue originates in the bone marrow and, when sensitized by IgE antibodies, releases histamine and heparin, contributing to allergic reactions.
What are Mast Cells?
In the prokaryotic lac operon, this molecule is converted from lactose and binds to the repressor protein, causing it to detach from the operator and allowing gene transcription.
What is allolactose?
A high carrier frequency of this disease in people with Eastern European ancestry is linked to heterozygote advantage against cholera and typhus pandemics.
What is Cystic Fibrosis (CF)?
This is the most abundant type of fiber in connective tissue, providing mechanical strength and resilience to pulling and stretch, and is produced by fibroblasts.
What is Collagen?
This value, defined as the ratio of the median toxic dose (TD50) or median lethal dose (LD50) to the median effective dose (ED50), serves as an estimate of a drug's safety.
What is the Therapeutic Index (TI)?
This general term refers to the cytoplasm of a muscle cell, while its smooth endoplasmic reticulum is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What is sarcoplasm?
When glucose is absent, this "hunger signal" molecule binds to the CAP protein, forming a complex that binds to the promoter and stimulates the transcription of genes like those in the lac operon.
What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
This phenomenon occurs when a few individuals from an original population colonize an isolated region, leading to a loss of allelic variation and potentially increasing the genetic burden of rare inherited disorders.
This type of protein modification involves the attachment of carbohydrates to the amide nitrogen of asparagine residues and requires dolichol-pyrophosphate.
What is N-linked glycosylation?
For most drugs, the rate of elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration, a process known as this type of kinetics.
What are first-order kinetics?
In skeletal muscle, this complex consists of one T-tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae, located at the A-I junction, and is crucial for delivering calcium to the cytoplasm during contraction.
What is a Triad?
These are DNA sequences on the same strand as the polycistronic gene cluster, including promoters and operators, that regulate gene expression in prokaryotes.
What are cis-acting regulatory elements (or cis-elements)?
Mating between genetically related individuals is termed this, and it increases the frequency of homozygous genotypes in the population.
What is consanguineous mating?
This unsulfated Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is a central strand of proteoglycan aggregates, found in the vitreous humor and synovial fluid, and facilitates cell migration during embryogenesis and wound repair.
What is Hyaluronic Acid (HA) or Hyaluronan?
This term describes a drug that binds to and activates a receptor to bring about an effect, possessing both receptor affinity and efficacy.
What is an Agonist?
In the peripheral nervous system, these neuroglial cells myelinate a single axon and are distinct from oligodendrocytes which myelinate multiple axons.
What are Schwann cells?
This epigenetic phenomenon is characterized by mono-allelic expression, where one of the parental alleles is silenced and not expressed, affecting several hundred genes in humans.
What is genomic imprinting?
What is 1/50?
This syndrome is caused by a deficiency in the mannose 6-phosphate marker, leading to lysosomal enzymes being secreted into the bloodstream instead of being transported to lysosomes.
This equation, pH - pK = log ([unprotonated form] / [protonated form]), is crucial for understanding how urine pH can be adjusted to "trap" a drug for accelerated excretion.
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
This type of muscle tissue forms the bulk of the myocardium, is characterized by branched cells, single or bi-nucleated cells, and specialized junctions called intercalated discs.
This epigenetic mechanism involves the modification of the DNA base cytosine to 5-methyl-cytosine, leading to gene silencing, and its disruption can be influenced by environmental factors.
What is DNA methylation?