Transitioning to Land
What is the difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm plants?
Angiosperm - flowering plant (fruit production)
Gymnosperm - cone-bearing plants
What are the female and male reproduction gametangia structures?
Male structure = antheridia
Female structure = archegonia
What makes up the cell wall structure of fungi?
Chitin
Are all fungi multicellular?
No - yeast is a fungus and is unicellular
What are lichen made out of?
Photosynthetic microorganism (algea) + fungi
What evolutionary development prevented water loss, and what had to evolve along with it and why?
The cuticle (waxy layer that prevents plants from drying out) did not allow for gas exchange
Pores (opening in cuticle that allow for gas exchange)
What life cycle is dominant in nonvascular plants and vascular plants?
Nonvascular - gametophyte dominant
Vascular - sporophyte dominant
What are mycelium and reproductive structures made up of?
Network of branched hyphae
Mycelium is spaced apart hyphae
Repro structure is dense hyphae
How are ectomycorrihizal fungi (EMF) beneficial for both the plant and the fungi?
Plants provide fungi with carbohydrates
Fungi provides plant with nutrients
What does it mean to perform pilobolus?
Pilobolus - “aim” and shoot their sporangia toward bright light
What two morphological things helped plants transition to land?
Development of seeds (embryo with stores of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer)
Vascular tissue (Specialized cells that conduct water or dissolved nutrients)
Which spores develop into male and which develop into female gametophytes? (vascular
Microsporangia → microspores, develop into male gametophytes, which produce small gametes (sperm)
Megasporangia → megaspores, develop into female gametophytes, which produce large gametes (eggs)
What does "extracellular digestion" mean?
Food is broken down outside of the cell
Fungi feed through absorption
What is the difference between ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)?
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) - penetrate the cell wall and directly contact the plasma membrane of root cells
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) - covers plant roots but does not penetrate the cell wall
What type of fungus is bread mold?
Zygomycetes
What are the two types of vascular tissues and where do they provide nutrients to?
xylem - water from the soil to the above-ground parts of the plant
phloem - sugars (energy) produced in the leaves to non-photosynthetic tissues below-ground
What are the male and female reproductive structures of flowering plants?
Male: stamen contains the anther, where the microsporangia (pollen) develop
Female: carpel contains the ovary where the ovules are found
What form of sexual reproduction can fungi perform?
Plasmogamy - union of two parent mycelia
What types of tissue can fungi breakdown better than most organisms?
Bonus: What type of organisms digest dead plant material?
Lignin (can't use it for nutrients)
Cellulose (can use nutrients)
Bonus: Saprophytes
Producing pigment and tissue takes energy, why did plants develop flowers and fruit?
To attract pollinators and increase dispersal of seeds
Explain the morphological requirements for upward plant growth.
Structural support (cellulose and lignin)
Water transport (vascular tissue)
What are the five steps of Alternation of Generations?
Double Points if you don't need your notes!
1.Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis
2.Spores germinate, divide by mitosis, and become multicellular haploid gametophytes
3.Gametophytes produce unicellular haploid gametes by mitosis
4.Two gametes unite during fertilization to form a diploid zygote
5.The zygote divides by mitosis and develops into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte
Name 3 of the 5 things that make fungi closer to animals than plants.
• Both are heterotrophic (no photosynthesis)
• Both synthesize chitin.
• Both store glucose as glycogen.
• Chytrid & animal flagella are similar in structure and function.
• DNA sequence (molecular) data.
What form of fungi reproduction does not involve spores?
Yeast undergoes cellular division (buds)
Name 4 of the 5 seed dispersal methods mentioned in class.
Wind
Animals
Humans
Bursting
Water