Stand and Deliver
The four critical phases of the sit-to-stand transfer are Flexion Momentum, Momentum Transfer, Extension, and this final phase.
What is Stabilization?
The adaptive capability of the central nervous system to reorganize its structure and function in response to behavioral, sensory, and cognitive experiences.
What is Neuroplasticity?
Movement emerges from the interaction of these three core factors
What are the Individual, the Task, and the Environment?
This first step of the movement analysis framework involves evaluating the environment and the patient's starting posture.
What are Initial Conditions?
The three body regions typically used to initiate a rolling movement.
What are the Upper Extremity, Head/Trunk, and Lower Extremity?
Standing postural control relies on the integration of these three sensory systems: Visual, Vestibular, and this one.
What is Somatosensory?
This principle states that failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degradation.
What is "Use It or Lose It"?
In Fitts and Posner's three-stage model, this first stage involves the learner understanding the nature of the task and is characterized by high variability.
What is the Cognitive Stage?
During this phase, the therapist asks, "Did the person understand the instructions?" and observes cognitive processing before movement begins.
What is Preparation?
In sitting balance, this is the area enclosed within all points of body contact with the supporting surface (e.g., ischial tuberosities and posterior thighs).
What is the Base of Support?
This balance strategy is typically used for small perturbations on a firm surface, where the body sways like an inverted pendulum.
What is the Ankle Strategy?
This principle emphasizes that the training experience must be sufficiently meaningful to the patient (e.g., relevant to their hobbies) to induce plasticity.
What is Salience Matters?
This theory suggests that optimal function occurs with variability of movement and views the body as a mechanical system with many degrees of freedom.
What is the Dynamic Systems Theory?
The three distinct phases of the "Movement Pattern" section of the framework.
What are Initiation, Execution, and Termination?
This term defines the maximum distance a person can intentionally displace their center of mass without losing balance.
What are the Limits of Stability?
During the sit-to-stand transfer, this specific phase begins as soon as the buttocks leave the seat and involves the critical transition of momentum.
What is Momentum Transfer?
This principle suggests that plasticity in response to one experience can inhibit the acquisition of other behaviors, such as when compensatory movements prevent recovery of normal patterns.
What is Interference?
This type of extrinsic feedback provides information about the movement pattern used (e.g., "you leaned too far forward") rather than just the outcome.
What is Knowledge of Performance?
If the expected outcome of a task is not achieved, the therapist should do this to the task to make it easier (e.g., widening the base of support).
What is Regress the Task?
Self-initiated movements, such as reaching for a cup while sitting, require this type of postural adjustment.
What is an Anticipatory Postural Adjustment (APA)?
If a perturbation is large enough to move the center of mass outside the base of support, the individual must use this strategy to prevent a fall.
What is the Stepping Strategy?
This principle describes how plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors, such as gait training on a treadmill improving over-ground walking.
What is Transference?
The ecological theory of motor control suggests that movement is organized around detecting this type of information from the environment to support goal-directed action.
What is Perceptual Information (or Perception)?
This term refers to the instant when the motion of a movement segment stops.
What is Termination?
An "unfamiliar object" or a "moving surface" would trigger this type of postural adjustment to restore balance after a disturbance.
What is a Reactive Postural Adjustment (RPA)?