Bacteria
Give the most important level of gene regulation in bacteria?
Bonus: Give the example of negatively controlled gene regulation that we were provided.
Transcriptional Regulation
Bonus: The production (or induction) of staphylococcal Beta-Lactamases
1. What is the minimum interval between administrations of two or more inactivated antigens?
2. What is the minimum interval between administrations of two or more live antigens, if not given simultaneously?
1. No minimum interval
2. 28 days, minimum
Describe the "prodromal period" in the progression of an infectious disease.
The time during which there are non-specific symptoms, but bug can spread.
What is an example of a virus family that does NOT replicate in the nucleus of host cells?
Poxviruses, they replicate in the cytoplasm.
What feature of the superior and inferior Opthalmic veins make them particularly dangerous when it comes to the spreading of infection?
They are valveless
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is characterized by the resistance to what two first line drugs?
Isoniazid
Rifampin
TRUE or FALSE
1. Family medical history is not a contraindication or precaution for providing live attenuated vaccinations.
2. Having a household contact that is pregnant or immunosuppressed is a contraindication for live attenuated vaccinations.
1. TRUE
2. FALSE, vaccination reduces risk of exposure to these at-risk populations that cannot receive the vaccines themselves.
Bonus: Which has a toxic moiety?
Lipid A
Core Carbohydrate
O-side Chain
Bonus: Lipid A
What is the difference in the mechanisms of how viral genome is replicated in small viruses vs. large viruses?
Small viruses recruit HOST DNA Polymerases to do the replication
Large viruses use their own virally encoded DNA Polymerases
What nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye?
Trochlear N (CN 4)
There are three mechanisms of intercellular horizontal gene transfer. Name them all.
Bonus: There is one method of intracellular horizontal gene transfer. Name it as well.
Conjugation via plasmids
Transformation with “naked” DNA
Transduction via phage
Bonus: Transposition vis transposons
MMR - Measles, Mumps, Rubella
All three of these infections have the potential to cause childhood deafness.
There are multiple types of bacterial plasmids. One of these types contains the genes Mpf and Dtr. Provide the name of this type of plasmid.
Bonus: Give the functions of the two genes listed above.
Conjugative Plasmid
Bonus:
Mpf - Makes cell-to-cell contact via conjugative pilus
Dtr - Forms relaxosome
1. Give me an example of an enveloped, spherical virus.
2. Give me an example of an enveloped, non-spherical virus.
1. Hep B, Herpes, Dengue, and Coronaviruses
2. Influenza, HIV, and Vaccinia
1. The frontal sinus, anterior ethmoid sinus, and maxillary sinus all drain into the same location. Name it.
2. Where does the Middle Ethmoid Sinus drain into?
1. The Semilunar Hiatus
2. The Ethmoid Bulla
What is the main difference between general transduction and specialized transduction in reference to phage-mediated DNA transfer?
General: mediated by phage from a lytic life cycle
Specialized: mediated by phage from a lysogenic life cycle
1. Where would an intramuscular (IM) vaccination injection be given to a 1-year-old child?
2. Where would the same injection be given to a 15-year-old?
1. Anterolateral thigh
2. Deltoid
Koch's Postulates contain 4 components to provide sufficient evidence that a particular bacterium or other pathogen is causing a particular disease.
List them all.
1. Organism must always be found in the characteristic diseased tissue location
2. Must grow the organism in pure culture
3. Must use the pure culture to cause an experimental infection
4. Must isolate the organism in pure culture from the experimentally infected animal
Remdesivir
molnupiravir
If you were to be able to choose one of your sinuses (in the list below) to be filled with fluid, which would probably be the best choice?
Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Maxillary
The best choice would be the frontal sinus. The reason is that anatomically, it is the only sinus where the drain is below the majority of the reservoir of the sinus, therefore it can drain faster and easier than the rest of the choices.
2-Part Question
1. What multifunctional enzyme is responsible for the homologous recombination of bacterial DNA stands?
2. What other specific enzymes are involved in the Nonhomologous recombination of bacterial DNA?
1. RecA
2. DDE Transposases / Site Specific Recombinases
List at least 3 live attenuated vaccines that are administered fairly often in the U.S.
Bonus: Provide one live attenuated vaccine that is NOT given often in the U.S. but is still used elsewhere.
Intranasal influenza (LAIV)
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
Varicella
Rotavirus
Bonus: BCG for tuberculosis specifically mentioned, but others would be acceptable too
A patient has an unknown bacterial infection. A culture is taken and grown, and the bacteria are shown to have the following properties:
Gram + Beta-Hemolytic
Catalase - Bacitracin Sensitive
Identify the bacteria.
Strep. Pyogenes
What does TLR-7 do?
TLR7 - binds uracil-rich, single-stranded viral RNA such as in HIV
What longitudinal pharyngeal muscle is innervated by CN 9? (only one)
Stylopharyngeus Msucle