Definitions
The ability to feel painful stimuli.
What is nociception?
These conduct excitatory pain stimuli towards the brain.
What are small nerve fibers?
What is transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation?
Give 2 examples of a behavioral (voluntary) response to pain.
What are?
Moving away from painful stimuli
Grimacing, moaning, and crying
Restlessness
Protecting the painful area and refusing to move
This is the “minimum intensity of a stimulus that is perceived as painful”.
What is pain threshold?
This is pain caused by a lesion or disease of the peripheral or central somatosensory nervous system.
What is neuropathic pain?
Exaggeration of the effects of arriving impulses occur through this mechanism?
What is positive feedback?
Activation of pain receptors that converts painful stimuli into electrical impulses.
What is transduction?
Give 2 examples of sympathetic nervous system response to pain.
What are?
Increased blood pressurea
Increased pulse and respiratory ratesa
Pupil dilation
Muscle tension and rigidity
Pallor (peripheral vasoconstriction)
Increased adrenaline output
Increased blood glucose
This term is applied to pain that covers a large area where the patient is unable to point to a specific area.
What is diffuse?
Pain that is not classified as nociceptive or neuropathic is called this.
What is nociplastic pain?
Large nerve fibers appear to inhibit the transmission of pain impulses from the spinal cord to the brain through this?
What is negative feedback mechnism?
This accumulates in injured tissues due to lack of blood supply.
What is lactic acid?
Give 3 examples of parasympathetic nervous system response to pain.
What are?
Nausea and vomiting
Fainting or unconsciousness
Decreased blood pressure
Decreased pulse rate
Prostration
Rapid and irregular breathing
This pain scale is used for patients that are confused such as those with dementia.
What is the PAINAD scale?
Pain that is felt at the toes of an amputated leg.
This serves of the gate control.
What is the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
This results from prolonged painful stimuli acting on the CNS.
Give 2 examples of affective (psychological) responses to pain.
What are?
Exaggerated weeping and restlessness
Withdrawal
Stoicism
Anxiety
Depression
Fear
Anger
Anorexia
Fatigue
Hopelessness
Insomnia and other sleep disturbances
Powerlessness
This is pain that has a sudden onset.
What is acute pain?
Pain that originates in one part of the body but is perceived in an area distant from its point of origin.
What is referred pain?
The gate closes when this occurs.
What is sensory overload?
Describe a protective pain reflex.
What is the withdrawal of an endangered tissue from a damaging stimulus?
These two pain factors affect a person's response to pain.
What is the severity of pain and its duration?
This is the level of maximum intensity of a stimulus that produces pain a person is willing to accept in a given situation.
What is pain tolerance?