Pre 18th century
What was Hippocrates nickname?
And
What theory is associated with him?
"Father of Medicine"
and
Humeral Theory
What percentage of people died before puberty
~50%
Name the two most basic types of cells AND the difference between them
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles where as Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What are PAMPS and what do they do?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns
Appear on pathogens to make them appear different from host cells
What is an Antigen?
What is the difference between a pathogen and an Antigen?
An antigen is a molecule or substance where as a Pathogen is an entire organism or virus etc.
Pathogens are the invaders and Antigens are like "tags" that the body recognizes and signal the immune response.
Give TWO of the reasons life expectancy has drastically increased since ancient times
Vaccines
Antibiotics
Germ theory (sanitization/sterilization)
Blood donation
Pasturization
Name 2 of the biggest epidemics to hit humans through history
Bonus 100 points - What pathogen is responsible for more than one of these epidemics AND which epidemics did it cause?
Plague pof Justinian !
Black Death (bubonic plague) !
Spanish Flu
HIV/AIDS
Yersinia Pestis
Name all 6 pathogen categories
Hint: 4 living , 2 non living
Living: Parasites, Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria (Prokaryotic)
Non-Living: Virus, Prions (pathogenic proteins)
What are the two primary lymphoid organs discussed? what do they do?
What do the secondary lymphoid organs do?
Thymus and bone marrow
Blood cells are made in the bone marrow and the thymus is where WBCs mature
The secondary organs are where the immune cells differentiate and they collect the waste and discards it
Name the 3 cells capable of phagocytosis
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Name the 4 humors
Choleric - Yellow Bile
Melancholic - Black bile
Sanguine - Blood
Phlegmatic - Phlegm
Name 4 of the 8 main pathogens discussed
Smallpox - virus
Yellow Fever - virus
Influenza - virus
HIV/AIDS - virus
Ebola - virus
Coronavirus - virus
“Plague” - bacteria
Cholera - bacteria
Describe the "central Dogma of Biology"
Cell DNA is transcribed into RNA, RNA is translated into proteins
What are Cytokines? What can they do? What are the different kinds?
Signaling proteins with pro or anti inflammatory response
They can turn on or off immune cell activation, differentiation, and/or proliferation
Interferons, Interleukins, Chemokines, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Name 3 cells that secrete cytokines
Macrophages, Endothelial, cells, Granulocytes, Fibroblasts, Lymphocytes, Mast cells
What are the names of the staffs that are often confused with each other and are used as symbols of medicine?
Bonus 100 points - Who did each staff belong to?
Caduceus (Hermes)
Staff of Asclepius (Asclepius)
What event lead to the transmission of disease on a global scale?
Name a disease that was spread through this exchange?
What population suffered the most due to this?
Columbian exchange
Small pox, syphilis, malaria, yellow fever, plague
Native Americans
Briefly describe innate immune response
Rapid response, non specific (same reaction to any and every foreign molecule), non adaptive (doesn't change), no immunological memory
What are APC's? Why are they so important?
What is the "eating" of cells called?
Antigen presenting cells
Important because these cells present pieces of the pathogen to other cells that are capable of engulfing and destroying the pathogens
Phagocytosis
What are Histamines and what do they do?
Secreted from basophils and mast cells, dilate blood vessels, call other immune cells with cytokines to the pathogens. Cytokines are like a marked trail that tell other immune cells where to go to help
Name 3 of the pre-1800s medical treatments discussed
Blood-letting
Induce vomiting/use of laxatives
Leaches
Poisons and mercury to reduce vomiting
Opium for sleeplessness disorders
How do we notate how contagious a particular pathogen is?
Which of the following is most contagious, which is least contagious, which is dead
Pathogen A - R4
Pathogen B - R10
Pathogen C - R2
Pathogen D - R0
Use of basic reproduction number Rn
Most: Pathogen B
Least: Pathogen C
Dead: Pathogen D
Name the correct order of events in pathogen invasion
Physical Barriers --> Chemical Barriers -->
Innate immune cells --> Adaptive immune cells
Name the Major cells of innate immunity
100 points for each correct one
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mas cells
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
NK cells
Describe the lock and key concept
The body has binding sites or receptors for certain substrates or molecules. These binding sites are a specific shape that fits to a specific molecule or substrate and fit together like a lock and key. Ex. enzymes, antigens, hormones, antibodies