G8 REVIEWER

SEAS AND OCEANS

100

The study and use the oceans.

Oceanography

200

Design tools, vehicles, freshwater systems, and energy systems

Engineers

300

Four Major Oceans

Atlantic, Pacific, Artic, Indian

400

Explain the origin of the oceans

Old and Young earth view.
Explanation varies depends on the student

500

Explain the origin of Salty Oceans

• The exact original saltiness of the oceans is unknown.
• Young-earth view:
• God created the oceans.
• The global Flood caused massive erosion, adding minerals to the oceans.
• Oceans were likely at least somewhat salty so marine life could survive.
• Rivers and erosion could have added today’s salt levels in a few thousand years.
• Rivers carry dissolved minerals into the ocean every day.
• If Earth were billions of years old, oceans would likely be much saltier than they are.

OCEAN MOTION

100

This is the daily changes in the sea-level

Tides

200

What is the main reason for tides to appear?

Lunar Tides

300

How does tides can cause tidal power?

Tides can be used to generate electricity.

400

Explain the process of Garbage and Gyres.

An ocean gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents.
In terms of garbage, garbage enters oceans through:

• Rivers and storm drains

• Littering on beaches

• Fishing gear left at sea

• Poor waste management

500

Explain the wave anatomy.

• Crest (top)

• Trough (bottom)

• Wavelength (length)

• Amplitude (height from middle)

• Frequency & Speed (how fast it moves)

OCEAN EXPLORATION

100

Give one challenges we face in studying oceans

• Dangerous storms and large waves
• Extreme cold and heat
• Crushing pressure at great depths
• Total darkness in deep ocean
• Data must be collected over time

 

200

2 water sampling tools

Nansen and Niskin Bottle

300

Explain the dangers of Exploration

• Storms and shipwrecks
• Disease and starvation
• Lack of clean water
• Long periods without seeing land

400

Explain the Motivations for Exploration 

• Desire for wealth and trade
• Search for new lands
• National power and influence
• Curiosity and adventure

500

Importance of small and large sampling in ocean

Small-scale sampling explains what is happening locally.

Large-scale sampling explains how systems behave globally.

Small sampling = detailed local information
Large sampling = big-picture global trends

SURFACE WATER

100

Any flowing water that moves over land in a clear path.

Stream

200

From what water sources do streams came from give at least 2.

• Rainwater
• Melted snow and glaciers
• Underground springs
• Lakes (outlet streams)

300

2 most common stream shaped

U and V shaped streams

400

Give 3 special and unusual lake behavior.

• Very salty (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake)
• Seasonal (appear and disappear)
• Colored (from algae and minerals)
• Crater lakes (from volcanoes or meteorites)
• Salt flats (dried salt lakes)

500

Why is it omportance to have the surface waters.

Surface waters are important because they:

• Support marine life

• Help regulate climate

• Drive the water cycle

• Support human activities

GROUNDWATER

100

The only planet with liquid water on its surface.

Earth

200

Main usable source of freshwater for people.

Groundwater

300

Explain the concepts of acquifer.

An aquifer is like a natural underground water reservoir that stores and moves groundwater. It is recharged by rain and surface water, discharged to wells and springs, and is crucial for human and ecological needs.

400

Explain how water cycle works

The water cycle is:
Evaporation → Condensation → Precipitation → Collection → Evaporation…
It ensures freshwater is recycled and supports all life on Earth.

500

Why there is a need to understand our groundwaters and how it can affect the humanity?

Groundwater is essential for drinking, farming, and ecosystems.
If we don’t understand and manage it, humanity risks:

• Water shortages

• Health problems

• Environmental damage

• Economic challenges

Studying groundwater ensures safe, sustainable water for future generations.