MOUNTAIN AND HILLS
The way the weights of rocks, water, and ice are balanced with the upward push of the mantle.
Isostasy
Give three parts of the volcano.
crater, magma chamber, conduit, fumerole
A rock that contains valuable minerals that can be extracted—like iron
Ore
Most important metal in modern life.
Aluminum
Combination of a unique set of minerals with properties that differentiate them from others.
Rocks
The process of mountain formation.
Orogeny
Difference between lava and magma.
Magma-in
lava-out
made of two or more elements combined in fixed ratios.
compound minerals
Why do mineralogist collect rocks?
studies their appearance, and tests them using tools and chemicals to identify what minerals they contain.
What are the different types of rocks?
Igneous sedimentary metamorphic
Explain the different types of folds
Anticline – an upward fold (like an arch).
Syncline – a downward fold (like a trough).
Monocline – a single bend or step in otherwise flat layers.
Where two main belts can volcanoes be found?
Alpha himalayan belt
Circum pacific belt
Give the 7 physical properties of minerals
color, streak, luster, crystal shape, cleavage and fracture, hardness, specific gravity
Give the special properties of minerals
Flame test, acid test, magnetism, radioactivity, luminescence, refraction.
What are the differences of the types of rocks?
Igneous rocks form when melted rock cools and hardens. Sedimentary rocks form when layers of sand, mud, and other materials are pressed together. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks change because of strong heat and pressure.
Explain the main difference of elevation and height and provide an example.
Elevation is how high something is above sea level, while actual height is how tall it is from its base to its top.
Mauna Kea and Mount Everest
Why there are 1500 volcanoes can be found in Alpha himalayan belt and Circum pacific belt?
Tectonic plates
How minerals be an example of creativity and beauty of God?
It shows God's special and unique skills that everything were created by purpose.
Explain compound minerals.
This is how the elements were combined meaning it is not pure depending on the minerals indicated
Differences of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.
Intrusive igneous rocks form inside the Earth where magma cools slowly, giving them large, visible crystals (example: granite).
Extrusive igneous rocks form on the Earth’s surface when lava cools quickly, so they have small or no crystals (example: basalt).
Why the longest mountain system is found under the Atlantic Ocean — the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is the longest mountain system on Earth — longer than the Andes, Himalayas, or Rockies — and the reason it forms under the Atlantic Ocean comes from plate tectonics.
Describe the three structures of volcano in detail.
Shield Volcanoes – Formed by quiet eruptions of thin, runny lava. They have wide, gently sloping sides, like a shield.
Cinder Cones – Formed by explosive eruptions that throw out ash, cinders, and volcanic rocks (tephra). They are small with steep slopes.
Composite (Stratovolcanoes) – Formed by alternating eruptions of lava and ash, creating layered cones. They are large, steep, and the most common type of volcano.
Explain the different types of mining.
Types of Mining
Give three downside of mining.
Explain the rock cycle.
The rock cycle is the natural process that recycles rocks on Earth. Igneous rocks can break down into sediments and form sedimentary rocks. These sedimentary rocks can be pushed deep underground and changed by heat and pressure into metamorphic rocks. If metamorphic rocks melt, they become magma, and when magma cools, they form igneous rocks again. This cycle never stops and shows how each rock type can change into another over time.