vocab.
trial jury
A group of people who decide whether someone is innocent or guilty of a crime
What was the feudal system?
A system in which vassals provided goods and services to lords in exchange for lan, and in which peasants exchanged their labor for the use of land
What started the crusades?
The Byzantine empire asked help from the pope against the Muslim invasion of Jerusalem, and Anatolia.
Who was William of Normandy?
A French noble
What was the first event that limited the English king’s power.
The Barrons’ revolt and signing of the Magna Carta by king John.
knight
A vassal who provides military service for his lord in exchange for land
How was the feudal system useful?
It created an organized and stable society, and improved security after the end of the Western Roman Empire.
What did the crusaders do when they arrived in Jerusalem and the “holy land“?
They created their own small states and kingdoms, and profited from trade with Asia, and Africa.
What did William do?
He invaded England and defeated the English army in the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
What was the Magna Carta?
A document that gave people rights, and limited the English king’s power to tax, arrest, or punish people.
Serf
A peasant farmer who could not leave their lord’s land
What were the downsides of feudalism?
Serfs were held in near slavery, people couldn’t change their social status, and education and technology did not advance.
In the end, were the crusades a success or failure?
They failed, and the Muslim Turkish army took all of the holy land and Byzantine Empire.
What did Williamdo after the Battle of Hastings?
He became king of England, and kicked the English nobles off their lands, giving the land to his French knights and friends instead.
How did the Magna Carta lead to modern constitutional monarch?
It led to the creation of a parliament, and a bill of rights which ended the era of absolute monarchy in England.
peasant
A free laborer or farmer who lacked their own land
What changes started to weaken feudalism in Europe?
Farming practices improved leading to a surplus of food so there was more labor to produce other trade goods. Trade between northern and southern Europe increased, trade fairs became important, and trade routes to Asia led to the start of the modern banking system.
How did the crusades affect the feudal system?
Increased foreign trade further weakened the feudal system.
Why was the Norman invasion important?
It created a stronger monarchy because all the lords supported the king. It increased the size of the English kingdom, and shaped the modern English language and culture.
What was one of the most important original purposes of parliament?
To decide on taxes
parliament
A group of people elected and/or appointed to make decisions about government, laws, and taxes
How did lords lose power to merchants and bankers in cities?
As foreign trade and the use of money increased gold became more valuable than land, and merchants and bankers demanded more rights of their own.
Where did most of the crusaders come from? What was their motivation to fight?
Most came from the Holy Roman Empire, France, and England. The first crusade was meant to re-take Jerusalem from the Muslim army. Later crusades were also motivated by financial profit.
What did the Norman kings after William achieve?
They created a system of law that applied equally to everyone, and greatly increased the size, power, and wealth of England’s kingdom.
What legal protections did people get from the Agni Carta?
Trial juries, and the right to appear before a fair judge to hear the evidence against them