Gallbladder
Crystallized cholesterol deposits
What are gallstones?
Signs and symptoms of high bilirubin level
Jaundice, dark urine
clay/light colored stool
Itching
Meds that affect hormones released by the intestine throughout the day that are involved in regulation of glucose homeostasis.
Caution/adverse effects
DPP-4 Inhibitor (Sitagliptin; Linagliptin)
reduced sensitivity to insulin
What is Insulin resistance
the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes; formally called impaired glucose tolerance.
What is Prediabetes
Gallstones form where?
biliary tract: the gallbladder and bile ducts
Liver enzymes
Pancreatic enzymes
Liver: AST, ALT
Pancreas: Amylase, lipase
Normal HbA1c
What is < 5.7%
By product of old red blood cells that pass through the liver to the bile that exits through the intestines
What is bilirubin
Signs/symptoms of gallbladder disease
Nausea, vomiting, gas, and bloating- usually after a high fat meal
RUQ pain
Pain behind the breastbone
Pain may radiate to back/shoulder
HbA1c for Diabetes
< 7%
Pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or your body does not properly use the insulin it makes.
What is Type 2 Diabetes
Disease in which the pancreas does not produce insulin.
What is Type 1 Diabetes
the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct.
choledocholithiasis
Medical Nutrition Therapy for gallstones
Low fat diet, Weight loss, if needed (done safely and effectively)
Meds that decrease hepatic glucose production and decreased intestinal absorption of glucose. Increases sensitivity to insulin.
Biguanide (Metformin)
Treatment goals for diabetes
Maintain blood glucose within a desirable range (through diet, exercise, meds)
Achieve optimal blood lipid levels
Control blood pressure
Support health and well-being
Prevent and treat complications
They work by preventing the kidneys from reabsorbing sugar in the blood. Instead, the sugar is excreted in the urine.
Caution and adverse reactions?
SGLT2 Inhibitor (Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin)
inflammation of the bile ducts.
What is Cholangitis
Non surgical procedures for gallstones
Medication or Shock-wave lithotripsy
Short term complications of diabetes
Long-term complications of diabetes
Short: hypo or hyperglycemia
Long-term: nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, stroke, MI, angina
Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
Blurred vision
Increased infections
Weight change (loss or gain)
Fatigue or lack of energy
Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal
Parasthesia: Tingling or numbness in hands and feet
Treatment for type 1 diabetes
Treatment for type 2 diabetes
Type 1 -insulin, diet, exercise
Type 2- oral antidiabetic meds, diet, exercise, and then insulin