FVD vs FVE
Q: Name two signs of fluid volume deficit.
A: Hypotension and dry mucous membranes.
Q: Name one common way patients lose fluid.
A: Vomiting, diarrhea, or GI suction.
Q: How do loop diuretics affect sodium and potassium?
A: They increase excretion, risking hyponatremia and hypokalemia.
Q: What is the normal sodium range?
A: 135-145 mEq/L.
Q: What causes hyponatremia?
A: SIADH, adrenal insufficiency, or excess fluids.
Q: What condition might cause distended neck veins and pulmonary edema?
A: Fluid volume excess (hypervolemia).
Q: What condition can lead to fluid loss through sweating or GI suction?
A: Diabetes insipidus or adrenal insufficiency.
Q: What complication is associated with potassium-sparing diuretics?
A: Hyperkalemia.
Q: What is the normal potassium range?
A: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
Q: What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?
A: Thirst, dry mucosa, and decreased BP.
Q: How does blood pressure differ in FVD vs. FVE?
A: FVD causes hypotension, FVE may cause hypertension.
Q: What condition is associated with decreased intake due to unconsciousness?
A: Fluid volume deficit from decreased intake.
Q: What is a major complication of severe hyponatremia?
A: Seizures or cerebral edema.
Q: What is the normal calcium range?
A: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL.
Q: What can cause hypokalemia?
A: Diuretics, GI losses, or poor intake.
Q: What does third spacing mean?
A: Fluid trapped in compartments like ascites or edema.
Q: Name two conditions that contribute to fluid volume excess.
A: Heart failure and kidney injury.
Q: What is a life-threatening risk of severe hyperkalemia?
A: Cardiac arrest.
Q: What is the normal magnesium range?
A: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L.
Q: What ECG change is seen in hyperkalemia?
A: Peaked T waves.
Q: In shock caused by hypovolemia, what vital sign changes would you expect?
A: Tachycardia, hypotension, and decreased urinary output.
Q: How can cirrhosis lead to hypervolemia?
A: By causing fluid retention due to liver dysfunction.
Q: Name two nursing considerations when administering diuretics.
A: Monitor electrolytes and intake/output.
Q: List the normal ranges for all four electrolytes.
A: Na: 135-145, K: 3.5-5.0, Ca: 8.5-10.5, Mg: 1.5-2.5.
Q: Compare the causes of hypo- vs. hyperkalemia.
A: Hypo: GI loss/diuretics. Hyper: Renal failure/tissue damage.