Disease Transmission
Tuberculosis germs may remain suspended in the air after a person with active pulmonary disease coughs, speaks, or sings.
What is airborne transmission?
A characteristic, behavior, or circumstance that increases the likelihood of disease is called this.
What is a risk factor?
Measures taken before an infection occurs represent this level of prevention.
What is primary prevention?
Negative beliefs and social judgment associated with a disease or group are described by this term.
What is stigma?
Explaining how an infection is and is not transmitted demonstrates this fundamental pharmacist role.
What is patient education?
HIV can be transmitted through certain body fluids but is not transmitted through ordinary activities such as shaking hands or sharing food.
What is body-fluid transmission?
Long periods indoors with a person who has infectious pulmonary TB increase exposure risk, especially when the area has this environmental problem.
What is poor ventilation?
This HIV-prevention approach is used before a person has a potential exposure
What is pre-exposure prophylaxis—or PrEP?
Protecting sensitive information about HIV, hepatitis C, TB, sexual history, and substance use demonstrates this ethical responsibility.
What is confidentiality?
Recognizing a patient’s possible exposure and connecting the patient with testing or preventive services demonstrates this action.
What is referral?
Sharing needles or other injection equipment is an important route for this type of hepatitis transmission.
What is bloodborne transmission of hepatitis C?
Sharing needles or injection equipment creates potential exposure to both of these viral infections represented in the cases.
What are HIV and hepatitis C?
This HIV-prevention approach should be considered promptly after a possible exposure.
What is post-exposure prophylaxis—or PEP?
Cost, housing instability, transportation, clinic availability, and fear of discrimination can create these obstacles to prevention services.
What are access barriers?
Helping a patient identify practical ways to follow a prevention plan consistently demonstrates this pharmacist activity.
What is adherence support?
A person has TB bacteria in the body but has no symptoms and cannot transmit the bacteria to others.
What is latent—or inactive—TB infection?
Identifying and evaluating people who spent time with an infectious TB patient is this public-health proces
What is a contact investigation—or contact tracing?
Testing exposed contacts and connecting those with TB infection to care helps interrupt this.
What is the chain of transmission?
Using neutral terms such as “person living with HIV” instead of labels demonstrates this communication practice.
What is person-first—or non-stigmatizing—language?
Communicating with prescribers, public-health programs, laboratories, and community services to help a patient receive continuing care demonstrates this function.
What is care coordination?
Cases 6 and 42 address HIV prevention and infections that may be transmitted through blood or certain body fluids, while Case 11 involves an infection primarily transmitted through this different route.
What is the airborne route?
Organizing exposed or infected people according to who they are, where exposure occurred, and when it occurred uses this epidemiologic framework.
What are person, place, and time?
Screening, risk-reduction counseling, access to preventive services, contact investigation, and continuing follow-up illustrate this approach using several protective strategies together.
What is a comprehensive prevention approach?
A patient avoids prevention services because of cost, unstable housing, and fear of judgment. Addressing these circumstances instead of blaming the patient reflects this public-health principle.
What is health equity?
A pharmacy identifies a community with limited HIV-prevention access, offers confidential risk assessment, establishes referral partnerships, and evaluates service use.
What is population-based pharmacy practice?