genetics
What's the difference between Dominant and Recessive traits?
Dominant traits are the traits where you only need to inherit one allele to express it.
Recessive traits are the traits that you need to inherit two alleles to express them.
What are the steps of Protein Synthesis?
Transcription and translation
How are meiosis and mitosis different?
Meiosis allows for genetic diversity, and it makes sperm and egg cells, also known as gametes. Meiosis goes through PMAT twice. Mitosis makes identical body cells and only goes through PMAT once. Both cells have a diploid number, meaning they have 2 of each chromosome.
What are the four types of biological macromolecules found in living organisms?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are the building blocks of the body. They act as a repair system for the body, replacing or repairing damaged tissues and cells.
Solve the following question with a Punnett square
A couple that is not albino has a child who is albino. (A=normal skin color a=alibno)
Both parents must be carriers of the albino trait, with the genotype (Aa) giving them a 25% chance of having an albino child.
What is the RNA Sequence for the DNA Strand ACCTGGCTCAAT?
UGGACCGAGUUA
What are the similarities between meiosis and mitosis?
They both go through PMAT and interphase.
Which type of macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information?
Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA.
How many stem cell groups are there?
There are 3 groups: Totipotent, Pluripotent, and Multipotent.
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
Dominant traits are the traits where you only need to inherit one allele to express it. Recessive traits are those that you need to inherit two alleles to express.
What is the definition of transcription?
The process of creating an RNA copy of a DNA Sequence.
How many times do the cells split in meiosis? How many chromosomes are in each gamete?
4 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes in each.
What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins, and what type of bond links them together?
Amino acids are the building blocks, and peptide bonds link them.
What are Multipotent stem cells?
Produce only certain types of cells. For example, one line of multipotent cells gives rise to all the blood cells, including red and white blood cells.
What is the Law of Segregation?
The law of segregation says that every individual possesses two alleles for any particular trait, and which allele a parent gives to its offspring is completely random.
Explain how mutations can have no effect.
They can have no effect because the mutation can code for the same protein as the one in the original strand.
What is nondisjunction? Give an example of what could be a result of nondisjunction.
Nondisjunction is when homologous chromosomes fail to separate. This happens during anaphase. An example of this would be Down syndrome. Down syndrome is when two chromosomes on the 21st chromosome don't split. This causes Down syndrome to happen.
Carbohydrates and lipids are both molecules, but they differ significantly in energy storage. Which of the two has a much lower oxygen content and is insoluble in water?
Lipids.
What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
Adult stem cells have a more limited ability to give rise to various cells of the body.
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
The Law of Independent Assortment says that separate genes are passed independently from each other from the parent to the offspring.
If you find a new species, what comparison can you make to determine its closest relative?
DNA Sequence and Structure.
What does PMAT stand for? Explain each step
PMAT: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the cell prepares for division. In metaphase, the cell's replicated chromosomes align at the center of the cell. During anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the mitotic spindle. This ensures that each cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. And finally, in telophase, the two new nuclei are formed.
Say the breakdown of macromolecules in order by sequential names (EX: Molecule → ___ → __)
Hydrolysis Reaction → Enzymatic Action → Monomer Release.
How do embryonic stem cells differentiate into the different specialized cells of the body?
Embryonic stem cells differentiate into specialized cells by determining which protein a cell would make.