Sentencing
Two basic sentencing systems used across the U.S
What are Indeterminate and Determinate sentencing?
A law enforcement official who is sworn to uphold the law, keep social order, and preserve public safety
What is a Police Officer?
This is the act of discouraging future criminal acts by the offender and others in the population
What is Deterrence?
The number of people that one probation officer can effectively supervise based on risks and needs
What is a Caseload?
The country with the highest incarceration rate in the world
What is the United States?
A place of confinement in a state or federal facility for offenders to serve their sentences with different levels of security supervision conditions
What is a Prison?
A nonfinancial release that is based on a defendant's promise to appear for trial
What is Release on Recognizance?
A type of incapacitation that is reserved for the worst offenders who should be kept away from society
What is Selective Incapacitation?
Court-ordered unpaid labor from an offender, for the community
When feminists argued for women to have separate reformatories and got them
What is Segregating the Sexes?
A report that helps judges with sentencing decisions derived from a presentence investigation
What is a Presentence Investigation Report?
The jails that are regarded as the worst in the country because of its conditions
What are Indian Country Jails?
This philosophy is different from the others, as it does not have any interest in preventing crime
What is Retribution?
A community based correctional center in which an offender lives under supervision and needs permission to leave, also a modern term for 'halfway house'
What is a Residential Community Correction Facility (RCCF)?
Two separate systems in the 1800s, one used the 'separate and silent' system, and the other used the 'congregate and silent' system
What are the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems?
When an inmate has been on good behavior, participated in work, rehabilitation, or education programs, and days from their sentence are reduced
What is Earned Good Time?
The two types of supervision, one is also known as remote supervision, and the other form of supervision is regarded as more continuous and safe
What are Indirect Supervision and Direct Supervision?
A form of restoration, commonly used in prisons as Victim Impact classes, and also practiced within the community
What is Restorative Justice?
An alternative to criminal court for people who have committed misdemeanors, non-violent felonies, and have a history of substance abuse or mental illness
What are Problem-solving Courts?
The first known body of law, established 4,000 years ago
What is the Code of Hammurabi?
The type of offense in which people believe should have other alternatives than incarceration because it does not harm society as much as other offenses
What are Non-violent Offenses?
An assessment which provides the judicial officer with information to decide whether release in the community or detention in jail is appropriate
What is a Pretrial Assessment?
In the late 18th century, this philosophy was aimed to rescue wrongdoers from the evil that had overcome them
What is Rehabilitation as reclamation?
A nonresidential center that is an alternative to incarceration that has high level of control and delivers services to offenders
What is a Day Reporting Center?
Author of the book which helped provide the basic principles underlying the 1779 Penitentiary Act
Who is John Howard?