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100

This receptor is primarily responsible for bronchodilation.

What is the β2-adrenergic receptor?

100

This device prevents reverse flow of gases in the anesthesia machine.

What is a check valve?

100

The Mallampati score is assessed with what proper techniques?

Patient sitting upright, mouth open, tongue protruded, no phonation.

100

Which coronary artery supplies the AV node in most people?

The right coronary artery (RCA).

100

Which cranial nerve provides sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

CN VII (facial nerve, via chorda tympani).

100

The fire triad in the OR consists of?

Oxidizer, ignition source, fuel.

200

The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane in a 40-year-old is approximately?

What is 6%?

200

Identify the phase of capnography representing alveolar plateau.

What is Phase III?

200

What is the most common complication of LMA use?

Sore throat.

200

What hemodynamic change is most concerning with aortic stenosis?

Tachycardia (reduces diastolic filling & coronary perfusion).

200

What is the maximum recommended dose of lidocaine without epinephrine?

4.5 mg/kg (max 300 mg).

200

What is the most common cause of malpractice claims in anesthesia?

Respiratory events.

300

Which local anesthetic has the highest risk of cardiotoxicity?

What is bupivacaine?

300

How does a hypoxic guard system work?

It prevents delivery of <21% FiO₂ when nitrous oxide is used.

300

Describe two changes in pulmonary mechanics with pregnancy.

Decreased FRC, increased tidal volume, increased O₂ consumption.

300

How does positive pressure ventilation affect venous return and cardiac output?

Decreases both.

300

What is the most common complication of spinal anesthesia?

Hypotension.

300

Which inhaled anesthetic is most associated with diffusion hypoxia?

Nitrous oxide.

400

Explain how hypothermia affects the pharmacokinetics of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers.

It prolongs duration due to decreased metabolism and clearance.

400

What is the most definitive way to detect a CO₂ absorbent exhaustion?

Inspired CO₂ increases.

400

You see a shark-fin waveform on capnography. What does it indicate?

Bronchospasm/airway obstruction.

400

This triad of findings is classic for cardiac tamponade—name the triad and its three components.

Beck's triad - jugular venous distention (JVD, hypotension, muffled heart sounds.

400

What are the hallmark signs of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST)?

CNS excitation → seizures → CV collapse.

400

What is the difference between Type I and Type II error in research?

Type I = false positive, Type II = false negative.

500

Describe the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin at the molecular level.

It releases nitric oxide → increases cGMP → smooth muscle relaxation → venodilation.

500

Describe the difference between pressure-controlled and volume-controlled ventilation.

Pressure-controlled = set pressure with variable tidal volume; Volume-controlled = set volume with variable pressure.

500

During one-lung ventilation, what is the single most effective maneuver to improve oxygenation?

Apply CPAP to the non-dependent lung.

500

Describe the anesthetic management goals in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).

Maintain preload, increase afterload, avoid tachycardia and inotropes.

500

Explain how cerebral blood flow is affected by PaCO₂.

For every 1 mmHg change in PaCO₂, CBF changes by ~2–4% (directly proportional within 20–80 mmHg).

500

Describe the difference between sensitivity and specificity.

Sensitivity = true positive rate, Specificity = true negative rate.