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100

What is the goal of gastrulation?

Form 3 germ layers from the epiblast to become trilaminar (which gives rise to all tissues and organs)

100

What layer forms the primitive streak

epiblast layer

100

What is the accumulation of mesenchymal cells along the median plane (mesodermal)

notochordal process

100

Describe neurulation

the process in which the neural plate bends up and fuses to form the hollow tube that differentiates into brain and spinal cord of central nervous system
100
What is the term for fetal death or passage of the products of conception before 20 weeks gestation?

spontaneous abortion/ misscarriage

200

Which gene: involved in symmetry, anterior-posterior (saggital) axis patterning, and CNS development

Shh

200

What is at the cranial end of the primitive streak

primitive node

200

The ___ is mesodermal and extends cranially from the primitive pit to the prechordal plate. 

notochord *and it starts out as the notochordal process

200

What 3 sources is the PNS derived from

neural crest cells (ectoderm), neural tube (ectoderm), mesoderm

200

If the primitive streak fails to regress, what clinical correlate is involved? Is this an error occurring in gastrulation or neurulation?

teratoma- gastrulation

300

Which gene: part of TGF-B family, up regulates genes for dorsal and ventral mesoderm formation, and INDUCES PRIMITIVE STREAK

NODAL BABY

300

What signals the beginning of gastrulation?

primitive streak

300

Which gene is important for the dorso-ventral axis formation?

Wnt signaling (Wnt-7 gene) 

300

Which germ layer gives rise to dura mater 

mesoderm

300

Which neural tube defect of neurulation happens when there is a failure to close the anterior neuropore? 

anencephaly 

400

Tell me what BMP4 does

signaling factor, mesoderm formation, ectoderm differentiation (CNS)

400

Cells that move through the primitive streak will replace the hypoblast to form the endoderm. After that mesoderm formation starts. What happens to cells that remain in the epiblast?

Become definitive ectoderm, including neural plate 

400

Which gene is important for anterior-posterior axis patterning?

Shh

400

What are the roles of noggin and chordin?

Antagonize BMP

400

Which neurulation defect occurs as a failure to closing the posterior neuropore?

spinal bifida

500

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in left-right axis determination?

5HT
500

What is ingression?

Movement of epiblastic cells down the primitive streak and through the primitive groove

500

Which body axis is initiated before gastrulation?

dorso-ventral

500

When BMP is blocked, it specifies the tissue to neural ectoderm. When BMP is not blocked in certain areas that remain, what is formed?

Skin

500

What chemical is elevated in patients with a neural tube defect?

alpha fetoprotein