Transitions
According to the Demographic Transition Model, this specific stage is defined by a rapid decline in death rates while birth rates remain high, resulting in quick population growth
Early expanding
What is wasting?
This indicator is defined by a low weight-for-height or weight-for-length and is often termed "acute malnutrition."
The second most common cause of lung cancer
Air pollution (specifically Particulate Matter 2.5)
Injury prevention is often categorized into the "3 Es". Give a specific example of an E of your choice.
Education
Engineering
Enforcement
This theory, published by Abdel Omran in 1971, describes a shift in population health patterns where mortality falls and degenerative, man-made diseases begin to dominate
Epidemiologic Transition
How should a health worker assess a child for bilateral oedema, a sign of wasting?
By pressing a thumb on both of the child's feet for approximately three seconds
Role of chronic inflammation in malignomas?
Chronic inflammation creates a cycle of repeated cellular damage that stimulates repair pathways and cell proliferation, which increases the likelihood of mutations.
Global Burden: Chronic inflammation is linked to approximately 15% of all cancers worldwide.
What is the primary physiological role of insulin in a healthy body?
It triggers the liver to store glucose as glycogen and encourages cells to take up glucose.
Describe Age of Receding Pandemics in Omran's Epidemiologic transition model
Mortality declines progressively, and epidemic peaks become less frequent.
1. introduction of high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat alongside the intensive use of fertilisers and pesticides
2. negative nutritional outcomes, most notably dietary monotony and the dilution of nutrients in staple crops
3. creation of fragile food systems and resulted in uneven socioeconomic benefits across different populations
Name and describe phases of Carcinogenesis
Initiation: A stable genetic/epigenetic alteration gives a cell survival advantage, forming a clone if repair/apoptosis fails
Promotion: This phase involves the expansion of initiated cells into a detectable tumor; it is driven by intrinsic or extrinsic factors like hormones and is potentially reversible
Progression: Cells acquire additional changes increasing aggressiveness, invasion, and metastasis potential
How many people worldwide have diabetes?
Over 500 million adults worldwide live with diabetes
Classic Epidemiologic Transition Model accounts for the re-emergence of infectious diseases like COVID-19, HIV etc.
Yes, No
What is the link between trade liberalisation and foreign direct investment (FDI) and Malnutrition
According to the pathways of political economy framework, these two macro-level economic drivers link globalization and malnutrition
1. Lowering tariffs, quotas, and regulatory barriers through regional free trade zones and the World Trade Organization (WTO)
2. FDI allows parent firms to maintain long-term, cross-border control over foreign affiliates
3. FDI drives the expansion of modern retail outlets (such as supermarkets and fast-food chains), which reshapes the food environments
4. TFCs partner with global advertising firms to unify food markets. This commercial power is used to redefine what is desirable, modern, or acceptable to eat, often stimulating a high demand for "modern" processed foods and beverages at the expense of traditional diets
What is the mortality–incidence ratio (MIR)?
This ratio indicates whether a health system detects cancer early and treats it effectively; a ratio approaching 1.0 in low-income countries suggests a diagnosis is often a "death sentence"
List 3 micro-vascular complications of diabetes
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Describe at least 3 limitations of original Demographic Transition Model
Eurocentricity
Can't explain mechanisms
Disregard of cultural and contextual difference
Non-linear patterns even within Europe
Arbitrary boundaries
Name one outcome under the Global Action Plan on Child Wasting
Outcome 1 (Low Birthweight) Reduced incidence of low birth weight. This outcome focuses on improving maternal nutrition.
Outcome 2 (Child Health) This is achieved by enhancing access to primary health care (PHC) and WASH services (water, sanitation, and hygiene), as well as increasing food safety
Outcome 3 (Infant and Young Child Feeding) This outcome targets improving breastfeeding practices and children’s diets in the first years of life
Outcome 4 (Treatment) Improved treatment of children with wasting. This focuses on strengthening health systems and integrating wasting treatment into routine primary health services
Describe mechanism of Immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancer
They block inhibitory "brake" molecules (like PD-1 or CTLA-4) on immune cells, allowing T-cells to attack the tumor.
According to the Haddon Matrix, public health initiatives such as launching a school curriculum to teach children road safety or passing laws to lower blood alcohol limits for drivers are targeting this specific phase of injury prevention
Pre-event phase