Scientific Investigation
Data Literacy
What is Life?
Physical Science
Do we have chemistry?
100
Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?
A - "If plants are exposed to more sunlight, then they will grow faster."
B - "Plants that receive more sunlight make people feel happier."
What is: A
Remember: a hypothesis is an explanation of why things happen the way they do. Usually stated in an "if ___, then ___" format. Must be testable!
100
Which gender prefers vanilla?
Male
100
Natural selection is a process that helps explain how species evolve over time. In a population of rabbits, some rabbits have white fur and others have brown fur. The environment is snowy, so predators can easily see the brown rabbits, but the white rabbits are better camouflaged. Over time, more white rabbits survive and reproduce.
Question: Which of the following best explains the result of this scenario?
A) The brown rabbits will have more offspring than the white rabbits.
B) The white rabbits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their white fur trait.
C) All rabbits in the population will eventually have white fur.
D) Both brown and white rabbits will die equally.
What is B: The white rabbits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their white fur trait.
100
Water is unique because it can exist in three different states: solid, liquid, and gas. These states depend on the temperature of the water. When water is cooled to 0°C or below, it freezes and becomes ice (solid). When heated above 0°C, it turns into liquid water. As the temperature increases further, water eventually boils and changes into water vapor (gas) at 100°C.
Which of the following is true based on the passage?
A) Water always freezes at temperatures below 0°C.
B) Water can exist in solid, liquid, or gas forms depending on temperature.
C) Water only exists as a liquid between 0°C and 100°C.
D) Water vapor forms when water is heated to temperatures above 0°C but below 100°C.
What is B: Water can exist in solid, liquid, or gas forms depending on temperature.
100
The periodic table is a chart that organizes all known elements based on their properties. Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, which corresponds to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The table is divided into rows (called periods) and columns (called groups). Elements in the same group often have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons.
Which of the following is true based on the passage?
A) Elements in the same group of the periodic table have different numbers of valence electrons.
B) The periodic table is organized by the number of protons in an atom.
C) The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of electrons.
D) The periodic table contains elements in random order based on their properties.
What is B: The periodic table is organized by the number of protons in an atom.
200
A scientist measures the height of a plant every day to test the effect of a new fertilizer. After 30 days, the plant has grown significantly. What conclusion can the scientist make?
A. The new fertilizer caused the plant to grow taller.
B. The plant is taller because of sunlight exposure.
C. The plant grew without any additional fertilizer.
D. The plant grew taller due to the passing of time.
A. The new fertilizer caused the plant to grow taller.
200
In a ketogenic diet, what percent is made up of carbohydrates and fat?
75% + 5% = 80%
200
In a cross between two heterozygous organisms for a single trait, the genotypes of the offspring can be predicted using a Punnett square. For a trait with dominant (B) and recessive (b) alleles, the genotypes of the parents are both Bb.
Based on this information, what is the probability of the offspring inheriting two recessive alleles (bb)?
What is: 25%?
200
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Everything around us is made up of matter, and it is composed of tiny particles called atoms. These atoms combine in different ways to form elements, which are pure substances that cannot be broken down further by chemical means. Each element consists of only one type of atom, and these atoms have specific properties that determine how the element behaves.
Which of the following statements is true based on the passage?
A) Atoms are the same as elements.
B) Matter is made up of atoms, and elements are substances made of only one type of atom.
C) An element can be made up of different types of atoms.
D) Atoms can be broken down into smaller particles.
What is B: Matter is made up of atoms, and elements are substances made of only one type of atom.
200
Balancing chemical equations is important in chemistry because it shows that matter is conserved during a chemical reaction. The number of atoms of each element must be the same on both sides of the equation. This is achieved by adjusting the coefficients of the molecules involved in the reaction. For example, in the equation 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O, the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms is the same on both sides.
What is the purpose of balancing a chemical equation?
A) To ensure that the mass of the products is greater than the mass of the reactants.
B) To make sure the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.
C) To increase the speed of the chemical reaction.
D) To determine the color change during a reaction.
What is B: To make sure the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.
300
A scientist tests whether the color of light affects plant growth by using red, blue, and green light bulbs. After 4 weeks, the plants under blue light grew the tallest. What should the scientist do next?
A. Draw conclusions about the effects of light color on plant growth.
B. Publish the results without further testing.
C. Perform another experiment with different colored light bulbs.
D. Discard the experiment because the results are not useful.
C. Perform another experiment with different colored light bulbs.
300
In which container did the plants grow tallest?
Container B
300
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It is made up of a long chain of nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous bases pair specifically: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). These base pairs form the "rungs" of the DNA double helix.
Which of the following nitrogenous base pairs are correctly matched in the structure of DNA?
A) Adenine pairs with cytosine
B) Guanine pairs with thymine
C) Adenine pairs with thymine
D) Cytosine pairs with adenine
What is: C
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
300
Water is one of the few substances that can exist naturally in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas. At temperatures below 0°C, water freezes into ice. Between 0°C and 100°C, it is a liquid. When heated above 100°C, water boils and becomes water vapor. This property of water is important because it allows life to thrive in a wide range of environments.
What is the most important reason water's ability to exist in all three states is significant?
A) It makes water easy to store in solid form.
B) It helps support life in a wide range of environments.
C) It allows water to freeze at temperatures above 0°C.
D) It makes water a more effective solvent.
What is B: It helps support life in a wide range of environments.
300
An atom is made up of three main subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons are positively charged and are located in the nucleus, the center of the atom. Neutrons, which have no charge, are also found in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged particles that move around the nucleus in energy levels or electron shells. The number of protons determines the identity of the atom and its position on the periodic table.
Which of the following statements is true based on the passage?
A) Protons and neutrons are found outside the nucleus of an atom.
B) Electrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
C) Neutrons have a positive charge, while protons have no charge.
D) Protons are positively charged and located in the nucleus of an atom.
What is D: Protons are positively charged and located in the nucleus of an atom.
400
Scientists are studying how rainfall affects soil nutrient levels. The study involves collecting soil samples in three different locations: urban, rural, and coastal. The nutrient level of each soil sample will be tested after varying amounts of simulated rainfall (10, 20 and 30mm).
What is the independent variable? Dependent variable?
Independent: simulated rainfall
Dependent: nutrient level
400
How many votes were cast for favorite fruit?
19
400
A cladogram is a diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships among species. It groups species based on shared characteristics that are inherited from a common ancestor. The closer two species are on a cladogram, the more recent their common ancestor is.
In the cladogram, kangaroos and koalas share a common ancestor that bats and lions do not. Kangaroos and koalas also share a certain trait that is absent in bats and lions. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
A) Kangaroos and koalas are more distantly related to each other than they are to bats and lions.
B) Kangaroos and koalas share more recent common ancestors with bats and lions than they do with each other.
C) Kangaroos and koalas share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with bats and lions.
D) All four species share the same common ancestor.
What is: C
Kangaroos and koalas share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with bats and lions.
400
An atom is the basic building block of matter. Each atom consists of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, and a cloud of electrons that orbit the nucleus. Elements are pure substances made up of only one type of atom. For example, oxygen (O) is an element that consists solely of oxygen atoms, while water (H₂O) is a compound made of different types of atoms: hydrogen and oxygen.
Which of the following best describes an element?
A) A substance made of atoms of different types.
B) A pure substance made of only one type of atom.
C) A mixture of various elements.
D) A molecule made of two different atoms.
What is B: A pure substance made of only one type of atom.
400
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom and are important in determining how atoms interact with each other. Atoms with the same number of valence electrons often have similar chemical properties. For example, elements in the same group of the periodic table typically have the same number of valence electrons, which is why they share similar reactions. The number of valence electrons also determines the atom’s ability to bond with other atoms.
Why are valence electrons important in chemistry?
A) They determine the physical state of an element.
B) They determine how atoms bond with each other and their chemical properties.
C) They are responsible for the mass of an atom.
D) They are located in the nucleus and affect the atomic number.
What is B: They determine how atoms bond with each other and their chemical properties.
500
A researcher wonders whether the colors of light that make up the visible light spectrum have different temperatures. So he places a thermometer in each color. From violet light to red light, the temperatures increase. Curious, he decides to measure the temperature beyond the red light in an area outside the spectrum. He finds that this area has an even higher temperature than the red light.
Which hypothesis most likely would be formed from this observation?
A. Darker areas are always warmer than lighter areas.
B. Special equipment is most likely needed to measure the temperature or light.
C. All parts of the visible light spectrum have a measurable temperature.
D. An invisible, warmer area of energy lies next to the red area.
D. An invisible, warmer area of energy lies next to the red area.
The suggestion that an invisible, warmer area of energy lies next to the red light area is a testable hypothesis that aligns with the observation.
500
What was the average height of the grass for trial B over the three week period?
1.255 inches
(0.50+1.01+1.48+2.03)/4
500
The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, while the nucleus contains the cell’s genetic material. The cytoplasm holds the cell’s components in place, and mitochondria generate energy.
An animal cell has several key organelles. One organelle is responsible for producing the energy needed for the cell’s activities. This organelle has its own DNA and is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell. Which organelle is described here?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondrion
C) Ribosome
D) Golgi apparatus
What is: B
Mitochondrion
500
Water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C at sea level. This means that at temperatures below 0°C, water will solidify into ice. Between 0°C and 100°C, it will remain a liquid. When water reaches 100°C, it begins to turn into water vapor and evaporate into the air. The freezing and boiling points of water are important in many natural processes and human activities, such as weather patterns and cooking.
What is the significance of water's freezing and boiling points?
A) They allow water to exist only as a liquid at room temperature.
B) They determine the processes that occur as water changes from one state to another.
C) They mean water cannot freeze at temperatures above 0°C.
D) They cause water to boil at temperatures below 100°C.
What is B: They determine the processes that occur as water changes from one state to another.
500
The periodic table groups elements with similar electron configurations into columns, or groups. The electron configuration refers to the arrangement of electrons around an atom's nucleus. For example, the noble gases, located in Group 18 of the periodic table, have a full set of valence electrons, which makes them chemically stable and unlikely to react with other elements. On the other hand, elements in Group 1 have only one valence electron, which makes them highly reactive.
Based on the passage, which of the following is true about elements in Group 1 of the periodic table?
A) They have a full set of valence electrons and are chemically stable.
B) They have one valence electron and are highly reactive.
C) They are found in the noble gas group and do not react with other elements.
D) They have no valence electrons and are chemically unstable.
What is B: They have one valence electron and are highly reactive.