how not to die
what specific foods help reduce risk of heart disease
whole grains, tomato, grapes/wine, olives
what are antibodies
free-floating proteins that act like tags that indicate invaders
why is the appendix important
keeps backup supply of important bacteria
5 hardy weinberg conditions
random mating
large population
no migrations (difference in allele flow)
no mutations
no difference in survival of phenotypes
difference between theory and law
theory: a thoroughly tested idea that seems true and factual
law: an undoubtable fact (example: law of gravity)
benefits of getting good sleep
boosts immunity
reduced risk of heart disease
improves mental state
where can HIV hide
in memory B-cells
parts of nephron
bowman's capsule (glomerulus)
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distil convoluted tubule
collecting tubule
finish the definition of natural selection
"the fast that some types don't survive...."
"...because they are disadvantages by some of their genes"
3 components of faith
based on concepts of ethics, purpose, supreme beings
none of which are testable or observable
belief vs. knowledge: belief isn't necessarily based on facts
top 3 killers of college students
1) accidents
2) homicide
3) suicide
why is HIV difficult to cure
- attacks helper t-cells
- changes outer covering every week or so
- results in 1000's of different appearances of the virus
- weakens immune system and results in death by "minor" infection (pneumonia)
what is asphyxiation
lung muscles freezes
caused when neurotransmitters are broken down by attack enzymes, leaving the next neuron constantly stimulated
populations MUST change if
varieties are present (differences in individuals among population)
variations are heritable (genetics)
one variant has a better chance of leaving offspring than the others
what does multiple prey mean
predator can switch to other prey
original prey can recover population size
more stable
top 3 killers of overall US population
1) heart disease
2) cancer
3) strokes
3 types of tumors and their differences
1) benign (non-cancerous)
2) cancerous (not spread)
3) malignant (spread)
steps of "the cross bridge cycle"
1) arrival of nerve impulse releases calcium from membranes inside the cell
2) Ca and ATP attach to the myosin head (a protein)
3) myosin heads become sticky and attach to nearest actin filament
4) myosin heads swing and decrease, pulling on actin (contraction)
5) heads detach using ATP, resets to wide open original angle
6) repeats step A à E as long as ATP and Ca are present
7) pulls myosin along actin, drawing in the ends of the cell together
populations DO change if
some types live longer, leave more offspring
the allele that improves survival becomes more common
describe the 3 types of survivorship patterns
1: most individuals live until old age
2: chance of dying is similar for all parts of lifespan
3: most individuals die very young
how to calculate BMI
703 x weight (lbs) / (height x height) inches
Cholesterol types and how each are improved
LDL (lethal): clogs arteries, improved by diet
HDL (healthy): carries LDL to liver for breakdown, improved by exercise
2 types of hormones and examples
1) steroids (fat-like): estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone
2) polypeptides and amines (protein-like): insulin, antidiuretic hormone, adrenalin
what rate of speciation did Gould and Eldrige write about, explain
punctuated equilibrium
r adapted species vs K adapted
r-adapted species
- are “pioneers” : good at colonizing disturbed areas
- examples: weed, dandelions
K-adapted species
- form stable populations
- examples: oak trees