Atoms and Bonds
Q: What is an atom?
A: The basic unit of matter.
Q: What is science?
A: An evidence-based process for studying the natural world and a body of knowledge based on observations and experiments.
Q: Four major biomolecules?
A: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids.
Q: Why are viruses not alive?
A: Not made of cells and cannot reproduce independently.
Q: Acid vs base?
A: Acid donates H+.
Base accepts H+.
Q: Atomic number?
A: Number of protons.
Q: What are the steps of the scientific method?
A: Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Prediction → Test → Analyze → Communicate.
Q: Function of enzymes?
A: Speed up chemical reactions.
Q: Cell theory states?
A: All organisms are made of cells, cells are basic unit of life, cells come from preexisting cells.
Q: Low pH means what?
A: High H+ concentration (acidic).
Q: Ionic bond?
A: Electrons are transferred; forms ions.
Q: What does falsifiable mean?
A: It can be proven wrong through testing.
Q: Carbohydrate functions?
A: Energy (glucose), storage (glycogen/starch), structure (cellulose, chitin).
Q: Rough ER vs Smooth ER?
A: Rough = proteins.
Smooth = lipids.
Q: Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic?
A: Hydrophilic = dissolves in water.
Hydrophobic = repels water.
Q: Hydrogen bond?
A: Weak attraction between polar molecules.
Q: What is the difference between a control group and treatment group?
Control = no independent variable change.
Treatment = independent variable is manipulated.
Q: DNA vs RNA?
DNA = long-term storage.
RNA = protein synthesis.
Q: Three types of endocytosis?
A: Receptor-mediated, phagocytosis, pinocytosis.
Q: Four properties of water?
A: High specific heat, expansion upon freezing, cohesion/adhesion, universal solvent.
Q: Why is carbon the basis of life?
A: Forms 4 covalent bonds and complex structures.
Q: Levels of biological organization (smallest → largest)?
A: Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.
Q: Are lipids polymers?
A: No.
Q: How does SARS-CoV-2 enter cells?
A: Spike protein binds ACE2 receptor.
Q: Why is water polar?
A: Oxygen is partially negative; hydrogens partially positive.