Chapter 10
The energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions
Lattice energy
Determine the final concentration of sucrose after 150.00 mL of a 3.333 M sucrose solution is diluted to 250.00 mL.
1.25 M
What is the difference between precision and accuracy in scientific measurements?
Precision refers to how close a measurement is to the true value; accuracy refers to reproducibility
What are the three subatomic particles in an atom, and what are their charges?
Proton (+), electron (−), neutron (0)
This atomic property generally increases across a period from left to right due to increasing nuclear charge.
Electronegativity
Define octet rule
Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to acquire eight valence electrons.
A 500 mL solution of 1.5 M KOH is added to a 300 mL solution of 2.3 M KOH. What is the final concentration of KOH?
1.8 M
Convert 5.6 kilometers to meters.
5600 meters
How is the periodic table organized in terms of atomic number and element properties?
By increasing atomic number and similar properties in groups
The principal quantum number, symbolized by n, determines this characteristic of an orbitals…
Energy level (or size of the orbital)
How many shared and unshared electrons are in this compound
.. ..
H - N - N - H
| |
H H
There are 10 electrons shared and 4 electrons unshared
A 3.75 L sample of nitrogen gas at 298 K is heated at constant pressure to a final volume of 5.12 L. What is the final temperature in ℃?
134 ℃
What are the SI base units for mass, length, and temperature?
Kilogram, meter, Kelvin
What is the difference between an isotope and an ion?
Isotopes have different neutron numbers; ions have gained or lost electrons
Elements in Group 1 all have this many electrons in their outermost s orbital.
One
This is the term for a molecule that has regions of partial positive and partial negative charge due to unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.
polar molecule
When 2.0 moles of nitrogen gas (N₂) react with excess hydrogen gas (H₂) to form ammonia (NH₃), how many moles of ammonia are produced?
N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) → 2NH₃(g)
4.0 moles of ammonia (NH₃)
for every 1 mole of N₂, 2 moles of NH₃ are produced. Therefore, 2.0 moles of N₂ will produce 4.0 moles of NH₃.
Why is it important to use significant figures in scientific calculations?
To reflect the precision of measurements
Why are the noble gases in Group 18 considered chemically inert?
They have full outer electron shells
This quantum number, with possible values of +½ or –½, explains the magnetic properties of electrons.
Spin quantum numbers (ms)
This type of covalent bond occurs when two atoms share two pairs of electrons.
double bond
If 16.0 grams of methane (CH₄) completely combust in excess oxygen, how many grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂) are produced?
(Molar masses: CH₄ = 16.0 g/mol, CO₂ = 44.0 g/mol)
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
44.0 grams of CO₂
From the equation, 1 mole of CH₄ produces 1 mole of CO₂.
16.0 g CH₄ × (1 mol / 16.0 g) = 1 mol CH₄
1 mol CH₄ → 1 mol CO₂ = 44.0 g CO₂
What is the difference between precision and accuracy
Precision is how consistently you get the same result.
Accuracy is how close your result is to the true value.
This scientist's model of the atom introduced fixed energy levels for electrons and explained the spectral lines of hydrogen.
Niels Bohr
The section of the periodic table containing transition metals is known as this block, based on the subshell being filled.
d block