Personality Perspectives
What is the trait perspective?
stable & enduring behavior patterns
What are the two dimensions of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)?
extraversion/introversion and emotional stability
The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to each other as groups and as individuals
Decision-making by groups--members want to agree, hesitate to dissent, convince themselves that they are correct, and fail to critically analyze decisions
What are attributions and what are the 2 types?
explanations of the causes of behavior--personal (cause is internal) and situational (cause is external)
What is the social-cognitive perspective?
interaction between individuals and environments
What is reciprocal determinism?
Personality + Environment = Behavior
how we perceive, remember, & interpret info about ourselves and others
How does the presence of others changes our performance on tasks within social faciliation?
in the presence of others it enhances performance on simple tasks (racing) but impairs performance on complex tasks (solving math problems
What is conformity?
altering beliefs and behaviors to be consistent with the group (ingroup vs. outgroup)
What is the goal of the trait perspective?
discover and measure important traits
What are the "Big Five" personality factors?
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Define stereotype versus discrimination.
stereotype: a belief about members of a particular group (overgeneralization)
discrimination: unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members (e.g. racial profiling
What are superordinate goals?
shared goals that require cooperation
Describe the Milgram Study
researcher had a confederate tell the participant to give an electrical shock to another participant (66% obeyed and gave the highest level of electrical shock)
Statistical tool (factor analysis) and personality inventory (questionnaire)
What are the loci of control?
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? (FAE)
when we evaluate others, we tend to overestimate the role of personal causes and underestimate the role of situational causes (reversed when we evaluate ourselves)
What are the two reasons why people conform?
task difficulty and motivation (informational conformity and normative conformity)
What is attributional style within the social-cognitive perspective?
optimism vs. pessimism
What are some problems with questionnaires?
rely on self-reports, people might not answer honestly and measurement will be invalid (social desirability)
Describe learned helplessness
failing to respond even though there are opportunities for help
What is overt prejudice and subtle prejudice?
overt: open and conscious (hate speech)
subtle: unconscious
What are the 3 components of attitude?
cognitive, emotional, behavioral
What is the ABC triad?
affect, behavior, and cognition