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The Linguistic Market/The Local and the Global
Language Ideologies and Linguistic Varities/Case Study: Standardization and the Japanese Woman
Gender and Language Ideologies/Gender and the Use of Linguistic Varieties
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Whose Speech is More Standard?
100
TRUE or FALSE: The right linguistic variety can transform an otherwise “worthless” utterance into one that may command attention in powerful circles.
True (page 271)
100
What was the key to uniting a country marked by tremendous dialectal variety?
language standardization (page 279)
100
TRUE or FALSE: Standard and vernacular varieties of language are associated with different kinds of knowledge and authority (e.g., “objective” knowledge vs. “technical” knowledge).
True (page 282)
100
Using a prestige varieties signals that the speaker is constituting a claim to personal status.
True (page 189)
100
TRUE or FALSE: Rebellious girls use nonstandard grammar more than nonrebellious girls and as frequently as rebellious boys.
True (page 294)
200
TRUE or FALSE: Vernaculars may be distinct languages from the standard or they may be alternative varieties of the same language.
True (page 272)
200
Name one of the groups that elements of the new woman’s language that was promoted in Japan is based on.
It is based on the speech of court ladies as the 14th century and on the speech of the cultural play ladies (geishas) of the Edo period (1603-1867) (page 280)
200
Why are women considered the “technicians of language”?
because of their traditional work roles (e.g,, teachers, governesses, private tutors, receptionists, hostesses) (page 286)
200
TRUE or FALSE: Gender differences in the use of Yiddish has reversed over the past century.
True (page 291)
200
This gender’s greater use of nonstandard forms corresponds to the greater expectation and tolerance for this gender to flout authority.
male (page 295/Eisibovits study)
300
TRUE or FALSE: In New York City, a stronger /oh/ pronunciation (e.g., raising / ɔ / pronouncing “dog” like “doo-og”) is more likely to happen in reading style than in casual style.
False (page 272)
300
TRUE or FALSE: The lives of most people do not center around global institutions but around their local communities, with the vernacular tying its speakers to the local community and lending local authority and solidarity.
True (page 277)
300
How is the situation found by Gal in Oberwort, Austria, similar to that found by Holmquist in Ucienda, Spain?
in both, females used more standardized language because they want to avoid an agricultural way of life (page 285)
300
TRUE or FALSE: In a study of the Arabic spoken in Tunis, the researcher found that the language of middle-aged women accommodated to the age and orientation of the female they were talking to—more cosmopolitan forms with older women and more traditional forms with the younger women
False; more traditional forms with older women and more cosmopolitan forms with younger women (page 291)
300
What explains different gender patterns among sociolinguistic variables?
differences in the nature of the variables—some have overt, stigmatized social meaning while others convey a specific meaning, such as “-ing” conveying casualness (page 301)
400
What was responsible for the increased use of French (as opposed to Soulatan) in Soulan, a small commune in the Pyrenees?
French increased in usage through national controlled institutions (e.g., education, modern medicine, government and finance, social programs, salaried employment, religion, and the media) (page 274)
400
What is iconization?
the linking of supposed qualities of language varieties to supposed qualities of the people or groups that use those varieties (i.e., the creation of an apparently natural connection between a linguistic variety and the speakers who use it) (page 277)
400
What is one way in which employment opportunities structure gendered language development?
jobs often require particular kinds of language skills; may provide greater access to certain varieties (page 283)
400
TRUE or FALSE: In a study on the use of Mexicano and Spanish in Mexico, the researcher found that males tended to use Spanish and females Mexicano.
What is False; females tended to avoid either pure Spanish or pure Mexicano since each was male linguistic territory (Mexicano with community status and Spanish with political power) (page 289)
400
While refinement is the expectation for women in the middle class, _________ seems to be important in the working class.
moral authority (i.e., maintaining local order) (page 299)
500
TRUE or FALSE: It is possible for a linguistic variety not to have positive symbolic value in its own community.
False (page 271)
500
The construction of standard languages is intimately tied to what?
the formation of nation states (page 278)
500
TRUE or FALSE: In a study of corporate managers in Beijing, the researcher found that in foreign-owned companies females developed a variety of language that was less cosmopolitan than their male counterparts.
False; female language was more cosmopolitan (less locally Beijing) than their male counterparts (page 287)
500
In an Orthodox Jewish community in northern California, the researcher studied the phenomenon of speakers releasing a final /t/ so that there is a small audible burst of air is a marker of which gender?
Males (page 292)
500
Several studies have found that this gender leads in using the nonstandard form at the top of the socioeconomic hierarchy while the other gender leads at the bottom of this hierarchy.
males; found for negative concord usage and for use of /d/ for voiced th (dh) in Philadelphia (Labov 2001) (page 296-7)