Enloe Reading
The military in American gender culture served as a vehicle for young men's departure from what?
The feminized home
Which argument linking female combatants and the rape of noncombatants implies that women have a positive effect (less noncombatant rapes) on the rape of noncombatants?
The selection argument
Of all war-affected noncombatants worldwide, these people are most at risk of summary execution.
Male adult civilians
In Iraq, rape by Islamic State forces is said to be used as a weapon of war and as a tool of what?
Ethnic domination
Cohen states this argument is "based on the idea that wartime violence - and especially rape - results from internal group processes" (Cohen 2013).
Combatant Socialization
What emerging view of rape made it rise to a serious political issue status?
Being systematic or planned
Among the four major Sierra Leone armed groups mentioned, which group had the highest percent of female combatants?
Revolutionary United Front (RUF) with 24%
Carpenter explains how gender ideas are embedded in these two categories.
“Innocent civilian” and “especially vulnerable”
To assume that wartime rape is always “rape as a weapon of war” is to ignore what?
The majority of cases that prove otherwise
Cohen states that this argument "suggests that belligerent types of people choose to join combatant groups in order to commit violence" (Cohen 2013).
Selection argument
Enloe begins her paper by stating how some consider this to be “the oldest profession.”
Prostitution
Cohen’s article focuses on the idea that under certain conditions, women may become perpetrators of this.
Wartime rape
What is the justification of the assumption of women and children’s vulnerability?
Lack of access to arms
This has played a prominent role in recent media treatments of wars in the Middle East.
Sexual violence
Cohen states that this argument "suggests that the presence of women in armed groups diminishes the 'need' for the rape of noncombatants" (Cohen 2013).
Substitution argument
Enloe describes these three particular conditions under which rape has been militarized
Recreation rape, national security rape, and systematic mass rape
Many of the common explanations for wartime rape are dependent upon the assumption that combatants are this.
Male
Carpenter argues that this approach incorporating gender analysis is required to explain both the civilian protection community’s discourse and its operational behavior
Social constructivist
Countries have justified intervention in Iraq and Syria with this rhetorical tactic.
To save Syrian and Iraqi women from sexual violence
Cohen states that this perspective is a "set of arguments that features common themes and assumptions about gender roles and violence" and "reflects the widely held belief that women are more nurturing and less bellicose than men, either by their nature or though socialization" (Cohen 2013).
Traditional perspective
What combination of two things initiated serious and methodical international agency investigations of the scale of rape and its purposes in the Bosnian War?
Energetic journalism and organized pressure (women in antiwar groups & human rights groups)
Based on the reports in the SLWCD data set, what was the most typical way that women participated as perpetrators?
Restraining victims during gang rape
Carpenter argues it "would behoove the protection community to correct for this __ both in the ways they frame civilian protection and their operational practices" (Carpenter 2003).
Gender bias
Why do some commanders use wartime rape as a weapon of war?
To punish enemy communities, induce compliance, or demoralize opponents
Enloe describes how this term "implies that male soldiers rape women the way a tornado inhales barns and tractors: anything that comes in the path of warfare, it is imagined analogously, is susceptible to warfare's random violence" (Enloe 135-135).
"lootpillageandrape"