DNA/RNA
DNA AND RNA ARE WHAT TYPE OF MACROMOLECULE
NUCLEIC ACIDS OR POLYNUCLEOTIDES
Given the DNA sequence TCGAGTCAGTTA, what is the corresponding RNA sequence after transcription.
What is AGCUCAUCUAAU?
THIS ENZYME BREAKS THE HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN DNA NUCLEOTIDES BEFORE LAYING DOWN RNA NUCLEOTIDES, MAKING A STRAND OF MRNA.
RNA POLYMERASE
WHERE DOES TRANSLATION BEGIN AND WHERE DOES IT END?
START CODON
END CODON
IN TERMS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURES (PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY, QUATERNARY), WHAT IS THE FINAL PRODUCT OF TRANSLATION
PRIMARY STRUCTURE - POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN.
DAILY DERBLE:
COVALENT BONDS ARE LOCATED WHERE IN A STRAND OF DNA.
HYDROGEN BONDS ARE LOCATED WHERE IN A STRAND OF RNA
COVALENT BONDS: BETWEEN SUGAR-PHOSPHATES
HYDROGEN BONDS: BETWEEN NITROGENOUS BASES
IN THE MRNA STRAND BELOW, HOW MANY CODONS ARE THERE?
GAGUACAUGAUG
4
WHERE ARE GENES LOCATED?
GENES ARE SEGMENTS OF DNA
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING CODON-ANTICODON CONNECTION:
mRNA codon: CCG
tRNA anticodon: GGC
Which amino acid should be coded for?
Proline
NOT glycine for those of you that coded with the anticodon >:(
SH'DAILY DOUBLE
WHERE DOES OCCUR TRANSCRIPTION OCCUR IN A PROKARYOTIC CELL
AND
WHAT IS LOCATED AT EITHER END OF A tRNA MOLECULE?
CYTOPLASM
AND
AN AMINO ACID AT ONE END AND CORRESPONDING ANTICODON AT THE OTHER
The process that describes where introns are removed and exons are spliced together in mRNA.
What is RNA splicing?
WHAT IS THE END PRODUCT OF TRANSCRIPTION?
MRNA
WHAT IS THE GOAL OF TRANSCRIPTION?
TO CONVERT A SINGLE GENE FROM DNA INTO MRNA SO THAT GENE MAY LEAVE THE NUCLEUS
HOW DOES TRNA KNOW WHERE TO PLACE SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS IN A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN.
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF RNA?
WHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS?
1. RRNA - RIBOSOMAL - MAKES UP RIBOSOMES
2. MRNA - MESSENGER - BRINGS MESSAGE TO RIBOSOME
3. TRNA - TRANSFER - TRANSFERS AMINO ACIDS TO RIBOSOME
WHAT ARE THREE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RNA AND DNA?
1. DNA - DOUBLE STRANDED; RNA - SINGLE STRANDED
2. DNA - DEOXYRIBOSE; RNA - RIBOSE
3. DNA - THYMINE; RNA - URACIL
Given the DNA sequence TCGAGTCAGTTA, what are the corresponding tRNA anitcodons that will eventually match with the codons at the ribosome to deliver each amino acid?
UCG AGU CAG UUA
3, representing 1 codon
PUT THESE IN THE CORRECT ORDER FOR WHICH THEY OCCUR:
1. mRNA binds to the ribosome at the Start Codon
2. Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds into polypeptide chain until STOP codon is reached
3. Ribosome breaks apart, mRNA disassociates, and polypeptide chain is fully formed
4. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome as mRNA is read one codon at a time
1 --> 4 --> 2 --> 3
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING DNA STRAND WHAT AMINO ACID SEQUENCE (POLYPEPTIDE) WOULD BE MADE:
DNA: GACGGCAAA
MRNA: CUG - CCG - UUU
POLYPEPTIDE: LEU - PRO - PHE
The name of the structure that reads the mRNA and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make a protein.
What is the ribosome?
IN PROKARYOTES, TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION OCCUR SIMULATENOUSLY. IN EUKARYOTES, TRANSCRIPTION MUST OCCUR BEFORE TRANSLATION WHY?
(hint - think of where they occur)
PROKARYOTES - BOTH PROCESSES OCCUR IN THE SAME PLACE SO THEY CAN BE SIMULATENOUS
Eukaryotes - TRANSCRIPTION OCCURS IN THE NUCLEUS AND MRNA MUST BE TRANSPORTED OUT TO THE CYTOPLASM
Name one peak and one valley of mutations
PEAK: Crucial for genetic diversity; leads to evolution within a species
VALLEY: Can cause disease such as cancer
WHAT WOULD BE THE CONSEQUENCE OF A MUTATION THAT CHANGES THE STRAND
AUG - GUC - CCC - UAA
TO
AUC - GUC - CCC - UAA
TRANSLATION WOULD NEVER BEGIN BECAUSE THERE IS NO START CODON
Mutations in which cells will effect the individual (owner) of those cells? Which effect the offspring?
Mutations in somatic cells effect the individual, mutations in an individual's gametes (sperm/egg) effect that individual's offspring