DNA Replication
This is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein, which can, in turn, influence an organism's traits.
What is a gene?
Fewer of these will be produced if mRNA degrades shortly after emerging from the nucleus.
What are proteins?
The role of a ribosome during translation.
What is assembling the amino acids into a polypeptide chain?
This process involves small RNA molecules binding to mRNA to prevent translation or cause degradation, thus regulating gene expression.
What is RNA interference (RNAi)?
This molecule twists the operator region of the lac operon in E. coli, hiding the promoter sequence, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes until lactose is present.
What is the lac repressor? (repressor protein)
The nucleotide bases found in DNA matched with their complementary pair.
What are:
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
The nucleotide bases of mRNA matched with their complementary DNA pairing
What are:
Adenine - Uracil
Guanine - Cytosine
This molecule carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs.
What is mRNA (messenger RNA)?
The sugar molecule found in the backbone of a strand of RNA
What is ribose?
This is a structural modification of a polypeptide after translation, which is an example of post-translational modification, that affects the final functional form of the protein.
What is a polypeptide chain that is refolded?
The sugar complex found in the double helix sugar phosphate backbone of a DNA molecule.
What is deoxiribose?
This enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription.
What is RNA polymerase?
These molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome during translation, matching their anticodons with the codons on the mRNA.
What are tRNAs (transfer RNAs)?
These are the four experiments performed by Griffith and the conclusions gained from each.
What is experiment:
1. R cells injected into mice with no effect = R cells are harmless
2. S cells injected into mice with high fatality rates = S cells are fatal
3. Heat-killed S cells injected into mice with no effect = Killed S cells are harmless
4. Heat-killed S cells and R cells injected into mice with high fatality rates = S cells transfer genetic code to R cells, which pass the genetic code through generations of R cells, remaining fatal.
This is the unit of gene regulation in prokaryotes that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more genes that are transcribed together, allowing the cell to coordinate the expression of genes with related functions.
What is an Operon?
This enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix, creating single-stranded templates for replication.
What is helicase?
This region of the DNA serves as the signal for RNA polymerase to begin transcription.
What is the promoter?
This sequence in the mRNA signals the start of translation and is recognized by the ribosome to initiate protein synthesis.
What is the start codon (AUG)?
These two factors determine the traits of an organism.
What are genetic makeup and environmental conditions?
This process occurs after a protein is made and includes changes like Methylation or acetylation to regulate the protein’s function or activity.
What is post-translational modification?
This enzyme is critical in joining the DNA backbone fragments on the lagging strand.
What is DNA ligase?
Three of these components can be found in a mature mRNA molecule after post-transcriptional modifications.
1. poly-A tail
2. promoter
3. cap
4. introns
5. Exons
What are poly-A tail, cap, and exons?
During translation, this part of the tRNA molecule pairs with the codon on the mRNA to ensure the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.
What is the anticodon?
This phenomenon describes how environmental factors experienced by a grandparent can influence the health of future generations, even though they were not directly exposed.
What is epigenetics?
When a mutation changes a gene in an organism's DNA, this is the most likely outcome.
What is a mutated gene may be coded for a different protein, which may affect the organism's traits?