DNA Replication
Transcription and Translation
Gene Regulation
Mutations
100
The direction in which DNA is synthesized.
What is 5’ to 3’?
100
The process of making RNA from DNA.
What is transcription?
100
The type of cell that commonly uses operons.
What are prokaryotic cells?
100
This kind of mutation changes the codon GAA to GAG, but the protein remains unchanged.
What is a silent mutation?
200
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand.
What is DNA polymerase?
200
The molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome.
What is tRNA?
200
A protein that binds DNA to increase transcription.
What is an activator?
200
A single nucleotide is inserted near the beginning of a gene, causing all downstream codons to change and producing a nonfunctional protein.
What is a frameshift mutation?
300
The strand synthesized continuously toward the replication fork.
What is the leading strand?
300
The sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
What is a codon?
300
The function of the operator region in an operon.
What is a DNA region where repressors bind to control transcription?
300
A segment of a chromosome flips in orientation, disrupting a gene located at one of the breakpoints.
What is an inversion mutation?
400
The reason Okazaki fragments are formed during replication.
What is DNA polymerase can only synthesize in the 5’→3’ direction, causing discontinuous synthesis on the lagging strand?
400
This is what happens when a ribosome encounters a UAG codon during translation.
What is translation will terminate because UAG is a stop codon?
400
The protein increases the rate of transcription initiation in lac operon.
What is CAP (Catabolite Activator Protein)?
400
A gene is moved to a different chromosome and placed next to a highly active promoter, leading to excessive production of its protein.
What is a translocation mutation?
500
During DNA replication, a mutation occurs in DNA ligase, preventing it from functioning properly. As a result, this strand of DNA contains multiple discontinuous fragments that are not joined.
What is the lagging strand?
500
This kind of mutation could change the DNA template strand so that an mRNA codon that previously encoded an amino acid is now a stop codon early in the sequence.
What is a nonsense mutation?
500
This is the result when, in a prokaryotic cell, a mutation prevents the repressor protein from binding to the operator, even in the absence of lactose.
What is the operon will be continuously transcribed because the repressor cannot inhibit transcription (constitutive expression)?
500
This is the primary difference between translocation and crossing over.
What is crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes and translocation occurs between nonhomologous chromosomes?