Glucose baby
A researcher engineered the lac operon in such a way that the lacI and its promoter was moved on the 3` end of the lac operon. How does this process affect the lac operon?
Does not affect the lac operon
What binds Gal4p to prevent RNA Pol 2 activation and other TFs
Gal80p
Gene control regions have regulatory modules. One works by influence by signals from (inside/outside) the cell to either activate or inactivate transcription
outside
ADAR editing of AMPA subunit GluA2
What protein is located in the viral intron and interacts with exportin 1 to direct viral RNA to cytosol
Rev
What type of protein interferes communication between RNA Pol 2 and activators?
repressor proteins
What happens when galactose is present but glucose is not?
Galactose binds Gal3p, binds gal80p, change conformation, and free Gal4p activates transcription
*Mig1 phosphorylared (no glucose) and cannot translocate nucleus to bind to its site
What post-transcriptional control is being described?
Control metabolic operons, has 2 components (aptamer and expression platform), exist in 5' UTR of RNA, terminate tsc or inhibit tsl initiation
Riboswitches
What are the 3 main steps of CRISPR
adaptation, expression, interference
What happens when IFs get phosphorylated?
BONUS: Name example :)
It can decrease translation rate
BONUS: phosphorylated eIF2 binds tightly with eIF2B and inactivates it
Gal4p, inhibitor Gal80p, and ligand sensor Gal3p (effector protein)
What happens when both glucose and galactose are present?
Galactose binds Gal3p, binds gal80p, changes conformation to activate tsc
Mig1 phosphorylation is blocked, translocates to nucleus, binds DNA and associates with Tup 1 *global repression*
Mig1/Tup1 blocks tsc initiation, promotes histone deacetylation
Development of B lymphocytes utilize which type of posttranscrptional control?
alternative RNA splicing
Which DSB repair results in indel mutations
NHEJ :(
HR= inulin
Where does miRNA bind to regulate post-translational gene regulation
3'UTR
GAL transcription is derepressed in the presence of what 3 things
galactose, ATP, Gal3p
What type of modification is very important in transcriptional synergy?
covalent modifications in histone codes
Which postranscriptional control utilizes guide RNA to alter nucleotide sequence of RNA transcripts
RNA editing:
-It alters nucleotide sequence of RNA transcripts and thus changes the coded message they carry - discovered in RNA transcripts
-In mitochondria of Trypanosomes, one or more Us are inserted to change ORFs
-This is done by Guide RNA (gRNA) which is complementary to RNA transcript to be edited at 5’ end followed by set of nucleotides to be inserted
-At each edition point, RNA is broken – U is inserted at free 3’ end – RNA is ligated
What form of Cas9 has mutated nicks domain that abrogates endonuclease activity
dCas9
What type of post transcriptional control does neurons use?
Localized mRNA coupled with translational control to allow the cell to regulate gene expression (concentrated in 3'UTR)
In what state will there be global repression by Mig1 and Tup1?
no glucose, no galactose: w/o glucose, Mig1 gets phosphorylated and cannot translocate to the nucleus; therefore unable to bind to DNA and repress GAL genes
Where can post transcriptional controls act?
Anywhere in the pathway from DNA to protein
During RNA editing, adenine gets deaminated to inosine. What is inosine read as during translation elongation? What enzyme involved?
Guanosine; ADARs
How does Casgevy reverse SCD
Casgevy disables this BCL11A brake. By editing the gene, the therapy "turns on" the production of HbF again, which counteracts the effects of the faulty adult hemoglobin.
Name 5 post-transcriptional controls
riboswitches, alternative splicing, transcript cleavage sites, RNA editing, regulated RNA transport from nucleus, RNA localization, 5' and 3' UTR translation controls, phosphorylation of IFs, uORFs, IREs, mRNA decay, Cytoplasmic poly A addition, RNA interference, miRNA/siRNA