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Scientific experiment
Properties of life
chemistry
Macromolecules
membranes and transport
tour of the cell
metabolism
cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
DNA structure and replication
Meiosis
Mitosis
Misc
100
what does the central dogma state?
genes specify sequence of mRNAs which specify the sequence of proteins.
100
What is the process called in which MRNA is used to synthesize proteins?
what is translation?
100
What is a fact? - what is an example (come up with your own)
Observations
100
Name 4 of the 7 characteristics of life
Order, regulation, reproduction, growth & development, evolutionary adaptation, energy processing, and response to environment
100
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, so they need four more to fill their outer energy level in order to form ____.
what is four covalent bonds?
100
what makes amino acids unique?
their R groups
100
What is the phospholipid bilayer made of?
Double layer of phospholipid molecules that make up the cell membrane
100
What is the cell membranes primary purpose?
to regulate the passage of molecules in and out of a cell.
100
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created nor destroyed in an isolated system
100
What is the process of cellular respiration for?
Extract energy from complex molecules and make ATP
100
what is the middle layer of the leaf called where photosynthesis takes place?
the mesophyll
100
what nucleotide base is only found in RNA?
Uracil
100
how many stages of division are in meiosis?
what is two?
100
When a chromosome duplicates, what is the second one called
what is sister chromatid?
100
The cells of a tumor____
lack normal checks on cell division
200
what is the processed called in which cells use DNA to synthesis MRNA?
What is transcription?
200
genes contain the instructions for coding what?
what is protiens?
200
What is a hypothesis
what is a Proposed explanation for observed phenomenon
200
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea
200
What is an isomer?
molecules w/ same molecular formula, different structural arrangements
200
what are these examples of starch, cellulose, glycogen
what is carbohydrates?
200
Why do bacteria rely on diffusion across their surface to get everything they need?
High surface area to volume ratio
200
what is the golgi apparatus?
Golgi apparatus packages, sorts, and modifies proteins and lipids for storage and transport out of the cell.
200
What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions?-
Water moves out of the cell to higher solute concentration
known as plasmolysis in plant cells
known as crenation in animal cells
200
Which part of the cell does glycolysis occur in
what is the cytoplasm?
200
what is chloroplast?
200
what makes up the ladder rungs of DNA?
Base pairs A-T and C-G
200
What is the purpose for meiosis?
what is to create gametes for sexual reproduction?
200
During this stage, the nucleus splits up.
what is telophase?
200
what grows from structures called the centrosomes
what is the mitotic spindle?
300
The mRNA product is complementary to the template strand and is almost identical to the other DNA strand, called the __?
nontemplate strand
300
what RNA are components of the ribosome and are essential to the process of translation.
what is rRNA?
300
What is the variable being measured in an experiment?
what is dependent variable?
300
What are the four kingdoms?
Protists
Animalia
Fungi
Plants
300
How many atoms fill an atom outer most (valence) electron shell for it to be stable?
what is eight?
300
what lipid double carbon bond and are liquid at room temperature
what is unsaturated fat?
300
What happens to the surface volume to area ratio of organisms as they get larger?
What is it decreases?
300
what organelles contains digestive enzymes that break down cellular waste and foreign material.
what is the lysosome?
300
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Any spontaneous process leads to increased entropy (S) of the universe
300
which organelle of the cell does most of cellular respiration occur in?
what is the mitochondria?
300
What happens in light-dependent reactions?
Once energy is converted it is stored into chemical energy
sunlight energy is absorbed, chlorophyll, energy is converted.
300
DNA replication means two strands are separated what makes them easy to pull apart?
What is hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous base pairs?
300
What is the protein structure that holds together sister chromatids during meiosis?
what is the cohesion complex?
300
DNA synthesis occurs during
what is replication?
300
what is an expression of a trait?
what is a phenotype?
400
the enzyme that carries out transcription is?
what is RNA polymerase?
400
what is an anti-codon?
three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA molecule corresponds to an mRNA codon
400
what is quantitative data?
data that can be measured or is numerical
400
What were Darwin observations?
Variation in traits among individuals within a population.
Traits appear to be inheritable
Species seem to be suited to their environment.
Population produces more offspring than can survive.
400
What are the properties of water that make it crucial for life on earth?
high heat capacity
cohesion and adhesion
High surface tension
universal solvent
changes in density
400
what type of macromolecule have a single C-C bond And are saturated with Hydrogen atoms
what is saturatted fatty acids?
400
How do you calculate Surface area to Volume ratio:
Find surface area, find volume through L x's W x's H. then write SA:VOL
400
what is the nucleus- contains genetic material controls cell activities through protein synthesis
400
What is true of organisms that convert sunlight into chemical energy?
Autotrophic
Photosynthetic
Primary producer
400
What are the two High energy electrons that enter the electron transport chain- formed in glycolysis and Krebs?
FADH2, NADH
400
what are the substrates or reactants of photosynthesis?
sunlight, H20, and C02
400
The strands of DNA are what ?
what is Antiparallel and complementary?
400
how many cells are produced at the end of stage two of meiosis?
what is four?
400
What are the 4 stages of mitosis? (in order)
What is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophases?
400
what is a genotype?
The complete genetic make-up of an organism
500
What is MRNA's function
directs synthesis of polypeptide
500
what is small nuclear RNA?
molecule synthesized by RNA polymerase III that have a variety of functions
500
what is qualitative data?
data based on observation and is descriptive
500
What do eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have in common?
DNA, Order, regulation, reproduction, growth & development, evolutionary adaptation, energy processing, and response to environment
500
What happens when forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate?
what is equilibrium?
500
what macromolecule is this?
what is nucleic acid?
500
Why cant humans rely on diffusion to get everything they need?
Low surface area to volume ratio
500
what are enzymes and what is there primary purpose?
proteins (macromolecule) that lower activation energy for a reaction to occur
500
What is enthalpy?
A total measure of energy in a system
500
What are the organic reactants of glycolysis?
what is two pyruvates?
500
The gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs through small, regulated openings called_____
what is stomata?
500
What is the bond called between a phosphate group of one nucleotide and a sugar group of another nucleotide called?
What is a phosphodiester bond?
500
What is the stage of meiosis where the cell checks for proper alignment of chromosomes on the metaphase plate?
what is the metaphase checkpoint?
500
In this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes align?
what is metaphase?
500
a test cross allows involes mating with a ___
?
what is a homozygous recessive?
600
Nucleotide sequence of MRNA is used to direct the ___?
order of amino acids placed into protiens
600
Eukaryotic mRNA contains _______ that must be spliced out. A 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail are also added.
what is introns?
600
What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning is a bottom-up approach, while deductive reasoning is top-down. Inductive reasoning takes you from the specific to the general, while in deductive reasoning, you make inferences by going from general premises to specific conclusions.
600
Give a reason why the high heat capacity of water is important for living orgaisms.
Regulates organisms' internal temperature and stabilizes bodies of water.
600
Galactose has the molecular formula C6H12O6. What is it's molar mass?
what is 180 g/mole?
600
what macromolecule is this?
what is a lipid, specifically triglyceride?
600
What is facilitated diffusion?
when ions or molecules diffuse across a membrane faster than expected.
assistance of carrier protein, change shape as molecules pass the surface.
600
What are examples of evidence supporting endosymbiotic theory?
Only produced by division of pre existing chloroplasts and mitochondria
Double membranes
Own DNA
Have ribosomes
600
What is entropy(S)?
what is a measure of disorder?
600
What is the net gain of ATP in the glycolysis phase?
what is 2?
600
What happens in light-independent reactions?
Chemical energy from light-dependent, assemble sugar from CO2
600
What is the number of helicase enzymes in every replication bubble?
What is 2?
600
What is the term for the type of genetic variation that arises from the independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?
what is genetic recombination?
600
Cell spends 90% of its time here (Normal cell life)
what is interphase?
600
A woman with type O blood mates with a partner with AB blood what are possible phenotypes of children that they could have?
what is type A and type B?
700
prokaryotic DNA is transcribed and then ready to be ?
what is translated?
700
processes of transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can all occur simultaneously, in what organism?
what is prokaryote?
700
What are the steps of the scientific method, in order?
Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Analysis → Conclusion → Communicate results
700
Why are the properties of cohesion and adhesion of water important in terms of the human body?
Allow for efficient transport of nutrients and waste
700
You decide to test the pH of your coffee. It reads at a pH of 5.2. What is the hydrogen ion AND hydroxide ion concentration of your coffee?
[H+]= 1x10-5.2
[OH-]= 1x10-8.8
700
what functional group is this?
what is a carboxyl group?
700
What is active transport?
Pumps force ions to move from an area of low concentration to high conc.
Requires energy in the form of ATP
Happens with proteins called pumps
700
What is true of bacterial genomes?-
Circular DNA
Double-stranded DNA in cytoplasm
700
What is the Net gain of ATP after the electron transport chain?
what is 26-28?
700
What are the organic reactants in the citric acid cycle?
2 acetyl COA
700
what is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
700
What enzyme adds nucleotides in the 5'-3' direction?
what is primase?
700
What are the thread-like structures made of DNA and protein that carry genetic information in the form of genes?
what are chromosomes?
700
What occurs before a cell divides?
Replicate DNA
Utilize DNA polymerase
700
when genes are linked it is because they are on the same ____?
what is chromosome?