Anatomy
Due to the general arrangement of ligaments between the femur and the pelvis, how is the hip oriented when standing?
(i.e. flexed, extended, hyper extended / flexed etc.)
When standing, the hip is slightly extended. This is to keep the body upright without the constant use of muscles (the tension is on the ligaments).
Name the two pro-drugs discussed in this lecture.
Codeine and Clopidogrel
_______ is the embryonic “organizer” and is critical to induction of the notochord and neuroaxis.
Henson's Node
______ are stacks of rough ER located inside of some neurons. They are located near the soma of the because most of the proteins needed for the axon and dendrites are created there.
Nissl Bodies
What food has the greatest effect on people with gout?
BEER
What is a very common occurrence and complaint of multiparous women?
Urinary Incontinence
What Cytochrome P450 is considered the "housekeeping" P450?
Why is it called this?
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Because it metabolizes the largest number of drugs on the market.
What enzyme is important in the utilization of folate to convert homocysteine to methionine?
(Acronym is fine)
MTHFR
Where would you find pseudounipolar neurons?
Inside the dorsal root ganglion
_________ is the precursor to several classes of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes.
Bonus: What does thromboxane do?
Arachidonic Acid
Bonus: stimulates platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction
If the medial collateral ligament is torn, what other structure is likely to be damaged with it?
Why?
Bonus: these are two of the so called "terrible triad". what is the third?
Medial meniscus
The two are connected
Bonus: ACL
Which P450 has a large variety of activities due to its increased genetic polymorphism?
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Name the gene that is important during the pre-gastrulation period and is responsible for beginning a cascade of increased expression for target proteins.
It also interacts with B-catenin to influence Bone Morphogenic Proteins.
WNT1
This type of synapse sprays neurotransmitters rather than deliver contents directly to a target area.
En passant synapses
7a-hydroxylase is the committed step in the production of what molecules in the liver?
Bile salts and bile acids
What is the general function of the popliteus muscle?
It unlocks the knee by rotating the femur laterally
Rifampin is a drug that induces Cytochrome P450 3A4. If another drug is given that 3A4 metabolizes, what change in metabolism rate would you expect to see?
An increase in the speed of metabolism would occur, decreasing the drug plasma levels over time when compared to the drug given without the inducer.
What is the difference between split cord malformations 1 and 2?
SCM1 has two dystrophic cords separated by a bony bar or plate with two different dural tubes
SCM2 also has two dystrophic cords, but they are separated by a fibrous band and are both together inside the same dural tube.
What cytokines do M1 (Inflammatory) and M2 (Anti-inflammatory) microglial activation programs release, respectively?
M1 - TNF-alpha and IL-1beta
M2 - IL-10
What effect does the transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria have on the overall Delta Psi of the mitochondrial matrix?
The transport is electroneutral; therefore it has NO effect on Delta Psi.
What is the most vulnerable part of the male urethra to damage or tearing?
Why?
The membranous urethra
It is anchored by the deep transverse perineal muscles
A 45-year old female with elevated lipid levels was taking the drug atorvastatin (Lipitor). Her total cholesterol had decreased from 225 to 170 over that time period. Recently, she started experiencing muscle pain and weakness. Her puzzled physician asked if anything in her regimen had changed. She replied that she had lost significant weight using a “grapefruit diet”.
Why did the physician ask her to taper her dosage of the drug temporarily and also discontinue her diet regimen?
The grapefruit juice is an inhibitor of P450 3A4. This was causing the drug to be metabolized more slowly, causing it to have a greater effect on the patient's body.
The three "Modes" of neural tube formation are distinguishable the locations they occur and their distinct shapes.
Give me both for all three modes.
Mode 1 - Located in cervicothoracic region; slit shaped
Mode 2 - Located in the midbrain/hindbrain region; Diamond shaped
Mode 3 - Located in the lumbosacral region; Circular
What are the six layers of the neocortex?
1. molecular layer
2. external granular cell layer
3. external pyramidal cell layer
4. internal granular cell layer
5. internal pyramidal cell layer
6. multiforme layer.
Name an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the myelin of the CNS, and then name one that attacks the myelin of the PNS.
CNS - Multiple Sclerosis
PNS - Guillain-Barre Syndrome