Vision
How many different types of color photoreceptors do humans have?
What is Three?
This part of the outer ear collects sound waves.
What is the pinna?
Name the five basic taste qualities.
What are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami?
These molecules dissolve in nasal mucosa and interact with olfactory receptors.
What are odorant molecules?
These receptors detect muscle stretch, tendon tension, and joint movement to provide information about body position.
What are proprioceptors?
Light strikes the optic disk, but no visual signal is produced from that location. What anatomical feature explains this blind spot?
What is the optic disk contains no photoreceptors because retinal ganglion cell axons exit the eye there to form the optic nerve?
Which of the three ossicles transmits the signal to the oval window of the cochlea?
What is the stapes?
These visible tongue structures house taste buds.
What are papillae?
These specialized sensory neurons in the nasal cavity detect odorants and initiate olfactory signaling.
What are olfactory sensory neurons?
These receptors respond briefly at the beginning and end of a stimulus.
What are rapidly adapting receptors?
A specific neuron increases its firing when red light is presented but decreases its firing when green light is presented. Which theory of color vision best explains this response?
What is the opponent-process theory?
This property, measured in decibels, determines perceived loudness.
What is amplitude?
Taste information is carried by cranial nerves?
What are VII, IX, and X?
This structure processes incoming olfactory signals through glomeruli.
What is the olfactory bulb?
This pathway carries fine touch, vibration, and proprioception and synapses in the medulla.
What is the DCML pathway?
Information from the left visual field must reach the right cerebral hemisphere. At what structure do the retinal axons cross?
What is the optic chiasm?
A sound wave alternates between compressing air molecules together and spreading them apart. What are these two phases called?
What are compression and rarefaction?
These cells are responsible for replenishing and replacing cells within a taste bud.
What are basal cells?
Olfaction is the only sensory modality that reaches the forebrain without first relaying through this structure.
What is the thalamus?
These specialized skin receptors are associated with detecting steady skin indentation and sustained pressure.
What are Merkel receptors (Merkel discs)?
A patient can see an object but cannot recognize what it is. However, they can accurately reach toward it and determine its location. Which visual stream is likely preserved, and which is likely impaired?
What is the dorsal (“where/how”) stream is preserved, while the ventral (“what”) stream is impaired?
These nuclei compare timing and intensity between the ears to help locate sound.
What are the superior olivary nuclei?
After taste information travels along the relevant cranial nerves, it reaches this brainstem structure for further processing.
What is the nucleus of the solitary tract?
This region of the cerebral cortex receives olfactory information from the olfactory bulb and plays a major role in odor identification and odor perception.
What is the piriform cortex?
A person touches a hot surface with the right hand. Name the pathway for pain and the cortical side that processes the sensation.
What are the Spinothalamic tract and left primary somatosensory cortex?