Physiology Basics
What is the term for the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes?
Homeostasis
What minimally invasive technique is commonly used to measure the electrical activity of the heart?
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Which brain wave is typically observed during active mental states?
Beta waves
What statistical test is commonly used to determine differences between two means?
Two-sample t-test
What portion of the nephron is responsible for the majority of glucose and amino acid reabsorption?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Why is it inappropriate to use the term "respiration" when describing airflow and breathing?
It is inappropriate because "respiration" specifically refers to the cellular process of using oxygen to convert glucose into ATP during aerobic metabolism, rather than the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs (which is referred to as "ventilation").
Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement and attaches to bones?
Skeletal muscles
True or False: Cardiac contractions are endogenously controlled.
True
True or False: EEG measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles
False (EEG measures brain activity, not skeletal muscles)
What is the most appropriate way to conclude on a null hypothesis if your p-value is 0.053
True or False: The ascending arm of the loop of Henle is permeable to water.
False (The ascending arm is impermeable to water but reabsorbs ions)
[Hormone1] is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. [Hormone2] is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones.
Hormone 1: ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
Hormone 2: TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
Is human lung capacity (e.g., tidal volume, vital capacity) a continuous or discrete variable?
continuous
Deoxygenated blood travels from tissues to which chamber of the heart?
Right atrium
Match the following brain waves to their activity:
Alpha, Delta, Beta
Deep sleep, Relaxation, Focus
Delta (Deep sleep)
Alpha (Relaxation)
Beta (Focus)
Which statistical method would you use to analyze relationships between two continuous variables?
Regression analysis
Which part of the nephron concentrates urine by reabsorbing water?
Collecting duct
What is the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands in terms of their secretion methods and target locations?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, targeting distant organs and tissues.
Exocrine glands release their secretions, such as enzymes or mucus, into ducts that lead to specific locations like the surface of the skin or the digestive tract.
4o
Identify the two types of muscle involved in voluntary and involuntary movements.
Skeletal muscles (voluntary), smooth muscles (involuntary)
You are conducting a study at a local health clinic to investigate the prevalence of hypertension in patients. National statistics report that 1 in 3 adults is classified as hypertensive. To test the null hypothesis that the frequency of hypertension in your clinic’s patient population does not significantly differ from the national statistics, what statistical test should you use?
Chi-squared test - This test determines whether there is a significant difference between the observed and expected proportions.
During which sleep phase do theta and delta waves dominate?
Non-REM sleep (Stages 3 and 4)
If you’re comparing coffee consumption among seven days of the week, what statistical test should you use?
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
What is the difference between expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and expiratory capacity (EC)?
ERV is the volume of air forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation, while EC includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume.
Please explain the steps of the HPG pathway.
What is involved?
1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) into the blood stream.
2. GnRH travels to the anterior pituitary, signaling it to release LH (Luteinizing Hormone) and FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
3. LH and FSH travel through the blood to the gonads. (F = ovaries produce estrogen and progesterons, M - the testes produce testosterone)
Maintains hormone balance through a negative feedback loop.
Provide 2 theories that explain the Stroop effect.
Random Access Memory Theory
Perpendicular Distributed Processing
Automatic Synchronicity
When blood glucose levels are high, the blood is _____ and _____ levels are on the rise. At some point, blood glucose levels will fall and _____ levels will increase to maintain stable blood sugar parameters. This is known as a _____.
What is the difference between an EEG and an EMG?
EEG measures brain activity (electroencephalography), while EMG measures muscle activity (electromyography).
You are studying the relationship between hours of sleep and the frequency of brain waves observed during REM sleep. You collect this data from 10 different people.
Which type of graph would be most appropriate to visualize this relationship, and why?
A scatterplot with a line of best fit would be the most appropriate graph because it shows the relationship between two continuous variables (hours of sleep and brain wave frequency). The line of best fit helps illustrate trends or correlations between the variables.
A patient presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and unintentional weight loss. A urinalysis reveals the presence of glucose and ketones in the urine. What condition is this urinalysis test indicative of, and how is it related to an endocrine disorder?
The urinalysis results are indicative of diabetes mellitus type 1, an endocrine disorder where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. The presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) occurs because high blood sugar levels exceed the renal threshold for glucose reabsorption, while ketones indicate the breakdown of fats due to insufficient insulin for glucose metabolism.
You are a doctor in the ER treating a patient who is struggling to breathe. Upon examination, you learn the patient has a severe shellfish allergy and accidentally consumed a lobster roll. Is this condition classified as an obstructive or restrictive lung disease? How would the patient’s FEV1 change after administering epinephrine and their recovery?
This is an example of an obstructive lung disease because the patient’s airway is constricted due to an allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), which causes bronchoconstriction.
After administering epinephrine, which relaxes the airway muscles and reduces inflammation, the patient's FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) would increase as the airflow obstruction is relieved and their breathing improves.