Before DNA's structure was deciphered by Watson and Crick, genes were thought to be located in
What is histone proteins.
100
A genome is
What is all genetic info in an organism.
100
A type of protein that regulates transcription of a gene is called a _____________. These proteins bind to the gene's __________ to influence transcription.
What is transcription factor; operator.
100
Transcription is ___________________, while translation is ________________.
What is the information flow from DNA to RNA; information flow from RNA to protein.
100
A point mutations alters the identity of __________ base(s).
What is one.
200
DNA is made up of ________________, which are made up of __________, ____________ and ____________.
What is nucleotides; phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base.
200
The arrangement of genes, as well as the number of genes and chromosomes in an individual's genome, are ______________.
What is species-specific.
200
RNA polymerase binds to a regulatory region of the gene called the ___________ to start transcription.
What is promoter.
200
DNA carries its code to produce RNA in its __________, RNA carries its code to produce proteins in its ___________ and tRNA carries its code for a specific amino acid in its ___________.
What is bases, codons, anti-codons.
200
A mutation that leads to a shift in the reading frame of the mRNA is called a
What is frameshift mutation.
300
A gene is a specific sequence of DNA that
What is typically encodes a protein product.
300
Prokaryotic genes rarely contain ____________, while this type of DNA is found in most eukaryotic genes.
What is non-coding DNA.
300
RNA processing occurs in the ____________ and involves the following three modifications:
What is nucleus; unique cap, poly-A tail, splice out introns.
300
Name and describe the function of the 3 types of mRNA.
What is tRNA:
transfer RNA; delivers amino acids to ribosome during translation using anticodons matched to mRNA's codons.
mRNA: carries code for amino acids in codons.
rRNA: functional RNA found in ribosomes; covalent links amino acids together.
300
A mutation that alters the identity of a single amino acid is called a
What is missense mutation.
400
DNA replication is called semi-conservative because
What is the two new double helices are made up of one old and one new strand.
400
Eukaryotes tend to have 10-15X more genes but 100-1000sX more DNA than prokaryotes. How do we account for this discrepancy?
What is non-coding DNA.
400
The Genetic Code is called unambiguous because
What is each codon specifies only one amino acid.
400
The base sequence of mRNA produced during transcription is _____________ to the DNA template strand.
What is complementary.
400
The severity of the effect on a protein's function varies with different frameshift mutations. The mutation will have a less severe effect if:
What is it occurs late in the mRNA sequence.
500
The Central Dogma of Genetics states
What is that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
500
Introns are ___________________, while exons are _________________.
What is stretches of DNA that interrupt gene sequences and do not encode anything; stretches of DNA that encode a product.
500
The start codon is important in an mRNA transcript because it establishes the _______________ for the ribosome translating it.
What is reading frame.
500
An enzyme called _____________ copies DNA during DNA replication, while an enzyme called ___________ produces RNA using a DNA template strand during transcription.
What is DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase.
500
The type of mutation that changes an amino acid-specifying codon to a stop codon is called___________. This type of mutation can be harmful to the protein because
What is a nonsense mutation; it stops translation prematurely.