Unit 1
What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
Inductive: Bottom-to-top approach; Starting with a specific claim and reaching a broad conclusion
Deductive: Top-to-bottom approach; Starting with a broad claim and reaching a 'deducing' a specific conclusion
similarities and differences:
1) diffusion vs osmosis
2) solvent vs solute
3) passive transport vs energy-requiring transport
4) simple diffusion vs facilitated diffusion/ active transport
5) exocytosis vs endocytosis
6) phagocytosis and pinocytosis
7) carrier proteins vs channel proteins vs aquaporins
8) integral vs peripheral proteins
1- a movement of molecules from area of high concentration vs low concentration; movement of water from area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
2- breaks down molecules; gets broken down
3- typical movement across (usually down) plasma membrane; using energy to move across (usually up) plasma membrane
4- going through the membrane without needing an embedded protein to move through; moving through the membrane through a channel protein/ carrier protein which requires energy
5- taking out molecules from the cell; taking in molecules towards the cell
6- cell engulfs a large molecule to bring it in (digests the molecule); cell takes in small molecules ('drinks' the molecule)
7- carrier proteins form weak bond with the molecule it is transporting; molecules travel through channel proteins; osmosis occurs through aquaporins (water travels through this protein)
8- embedded permanently within membrane; embedded temporarily/ not fixed within the membrane
what is the equation for photosynthesis?
6h2o+6co2+ sunlight= c6h12o6 + 6o2
what did the following people discover?
1)friedrich miescher
2) Frederick griffith
3)erwin chargaff
4) rosalind franklin
5) watson and crick
1- Credited with the discovery of nucleic acids by isolating 'nuclein' from white blood cells in the 1860s.
2- His bacterial transformation experiments showed DNA is a carrier of genetic information.
3-Proposed the 'rules' of the complementary base-pairing of the DNA bases: that the amount of adenine equaled the amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine equaled the amount of guanine (that is, A = T and G = C).
4-This scientist's research focused on the double helix structure of DNA by performing X-ray diffraction studies.
5-Using the research of other scientists, proposed a model for the double helix structure of DNA.
what does chemiosmosis mean?
it is the movement of ions across a semi-permeable membrane (down the electron gradient)
What are the eight characteristics of living things?
1- Level of organization/ Order
2- Evolution
3- Adaptation
4- Regulation/ Homeostasis
5- Response to stimuli
6- Growth
7- Reproduction
8- Energy processing/ Metabolism
what are the 5 functions of a membrane?
1- isolation
2- identification
3- attachment
4- regulation
5- communication
which part of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoids? which parts occur in the stroma?
light-dependent reactions happen in thylakoids (it traps light and turns it into atp/nadph energy
calvin cycle happens in stroma which takes the energy made In the first step and makes food energy
explain the following in dna replication:
1) semi conservative nature of DNA
2) DNA helicase
3) primase
4) DNA polymerase
5) DNA ligase
6) telomerase
1- dna makes 2 new strans of dna from 2 parent/old strands of DNA
2- unwinds the double helix of DNA
3- creates a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin making new strand
4- enzyme that makes DNA by pairing up the opposite bases to one another (g-c, a-t)
5- enzyme that joins DNA fragments back together
6- adds complementary rna bases to the 3' end of dna
6 times (since there are 6 co2 molecules in the beginning)
What is the structure of all the following functional groups?
1- Hydroxyl (alcohol)
2- Methyl
3- Carboxyl
4- Animo
5- Phosphate
1- OH
2- CH3
3- COOH
4- NH2
5- PO4
list the 6 main categories of membrane proteins and their functions
1- transport
* channel - tunnel that allows specific molecules. ions to move across
* carrier- forms a weak bond with specific molecule/ ion moving through
2- recognition- identifies cell type (is it a foreign cell or our own cell)
3- receptor- transmits information to a cell by binding to molecules
4- electron transport system- generates energy through the membrane (like atp synthase)
5- enzymes- speed up chemical reactions
6- connection- connects proteins together
which parts happen in the light-dependent or Calvin cycle?
1) photosystems 1 and 2
2) light energy
3) oxygen production
4) carbon fixation
5) glucose production
6) formation of nadph
7) formation of atp
8) RuBisCo
9)RuBP
1- light-dependent
2-light-dependent
3- light-dependent
4- calvin
5- calvin
6- light-dependent
7- light-dependent
8- calvin
9- calvin
describe the following mutations that can occur:
1) point mutation
2)frameshift mutation
3)chromosome mutation
1- a change of a single base in DNA (like ccc to cgc)
2- when a DNA sequence has a base added or deleted (like atc to agtc)
3) changes in the number of structure of the chromosomes in prophase 1 (crossing over)
what are photosystems?
clusters of chlorophyll pigments embedded in the membrane of thylakoid disks.
Name three different monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
mono- glucose, fructose, galactose
di- sucrose, maltose, lactose
poly- starch, cellulose/fiber, glycogen
multi part caca:
1)define metabolism-
2) catabolic vs anabolic reactions-
3) exergonic vs endergonic reactions-
4) relationship between enzyme, active site, substrate, and product
1- energy conversion using food
2- cata= large molecules broken into smaller ones (like hydrolysis); ana= small molecules built together to make a large one (like dehydration synthesis)
3- ex= releasing energy, ender= taking in energy
4- enzyme= protein that speeds up chemical reaction; active site is where the substrates form to be altered, substrates later become the product after being changed by the enzyme
where do the electrons from the sunlight flow to? where do the H+ ions from water flow to?
electrons flow to the electron transport system to form nadph; the H ions flow to atp synthase to form atp
multi-part caca:
1) what is the central dogma of protein synthesis
2) name the three main types of rna in protein synthesis
3) how do exons, introns, and rna splicing correlate with one another
1- dna -> mrna -> protein
2- mrna (messengar rna from transcription), rrna (ribosomal rna that the mrna goes to during translation), trna (tranfer rna that provides the bases for mrna and brings the animo acids that mrna codes for. the amino acids join peptide bonds and eventually become a chain of polypeptides. remember EPA structure inside rrna.
3- introns have no genetic coding on them (though they count for 98% of the strand) and need to be cut out by the splicer so that its only exons left. the exons go through holes in the nuclear membrane towards the cytoplasm for translation
how does cancer relate to checkpoints in cell division?
cancer overrides and ignores checkpoints in which normal cells stop dividing and multiplying at, causing an overflow of cells
Multi-part caca!!
1)Describe 4 common features shared by all cells.
2)Differentiate between the organelles in plant and animal cells.
3)What is the extracellular matrix?
1- cytoplasm, plasma membrane, dna/rna, ribosomes
2- Plants have water vacuoles, cell walls, and chloroplast
3- it is tissue made of carbs and proteins that hold cells together (specifically within animal cells)
multi part:
1) 1st law of thermodynamics?
2) 2nd law of thermodynamics?
3) what is entropy?
4) is photosynthesis catabolic/anabolic and exergonic/endergonic?
5) is cellular respiration catabolic/anabolic and exergonic/endergonic?
1- energy cannot be destroyed
2- energy gets less useful the more it is used and the more it goes through the life cycle (until it becomes heat energy)
3- measure of randomness in chemical reactions
4- the reaction takes molecules and builds them ( as the products are combinations) so it is anabolic and endergonic
5- the reactions breaks the molecules in the reactant side and makes products that were broken down, so it is catabolic and exergonic
what are the three parts of the calvin cycle? what are the products of the calvin cycle?
1) co2 fixation
2) co2 reduction to form carbohydrate
3) regeneration of RuBP (with rubisco)
* side note: the calvin cycle is considered cyclical because it starts by generating rubp and it ends with generating rubp again to turn the co2 into glucose.
what is recombinant dna?
dna that was added to a different organism (from one species to another) in order to genetically alter it (becomes gmo)