Genetics Fundamentals
the study of biological inheritance
what is genetics
A diploid cell or organism typically has this many sets of chromosomes.
What are two sets?
An individual described as heterozygous has this combination of alleles for a particular gene.
What are two different alleles?
The process of using the information in DNA to make a protein is called this.
What is gene expression?
This is described as the ultimate source of genetic variation.
What is mutation?
this flow of genetics information is described as DNA to RNA to polypeptide
What is the Central Dogma
In eukaryotes, DNA and associated proteins form this substance that makes up chromosomes.
What is chromatin?
Mendel's Law of Segregation states that alleles for a gene separate during the formation of these.
What are gametes?
In translation, tRNAs have this sequence that is complementary to a codon in mRNA.
What is an anticodon?
A chromosomal mutation where a segment of a chromosome is duplicated is called a(n).
What is a duplication?
A functional region of DNA that provides instructions for making a protein is called this.
What is a gene?
This is the process of cell division used by prokaryotes like bacteria.
What is binary fission?
This type of cross is used to determine the genotype of an individual showing a dominant phenotype by crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual.
What is a test cross?
According to the sources, UAG, UAA, and UGA are examples of these during translation.
What are stop codons?
The frequency of recombination between two linked genes can be used to calculate the genetic distance between them, measured in these units.
What are map units or centiMorgans?
These are different versions of the same gene.
What are alleles?
During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up, and this process involves the physical exchange of segments between them.
What is crossing over?
When one gene affects multiple distinct phenotypic traits, this phenomenon is called this.
What is pleiotropy?
In bacterial operons like the trp operon, this sequence is the binding site for the repressor protein.
What is the operator?
The uptake of DNA from the surrounding environment by a bacterial cell is called this type of horizontal gene transfer.
What is transformation?
The polymers of nucleotides, which include DNA and RNA, are known as these.
What are nucleic acids?
This refers to variation in chromosome number involving having 2n ± 1 chromosomes.
What is aneuploidy?
The expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a two-factor cross between dihybrids, assuming independent assortment and complete dominance.
What is 9:3:3:1?
In eukaryotic transcription, these factors bind to the promoter before RNA polymerase II can initiate transcription.
What are general transcription factors?
One of the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is that this evolutionary force has no net effect.
What is no selection? (Alternatively, "no mutation", "no migration", "no genetic drift", "mating is random", or "the population is large" would also be correct answers based on the sources).