Genetics and so much more!

Genetics/Heredity

100

_____________ is the process by which messenger RNA is synthesized by a DNA template and ___________ is the process by which messenger RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptide chains. This is known in biology as the _____________

Transcription

Translation

Central Dogma 

200

This inheritance pattern occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes, such as height or eye color

Polygenic inheritance

300

A diploid organism passes a randomly selected allele for a trait to it's offspring, such that the offspring receives one allele from each parent

Law of Segregation

400

The ABO blood group is an example of ___________ inheritance pattern which also shows ____________

Multiple alleles

Co-dominance

500

Dimples are dominant (D) and attached earlobes are recessive (e). Mother is heterozygous for dimple and earlobe traits.  Father is homozygous recessive for dimple and heterozygous for earlobe trait.  This is the likelihood of their offspring having dimples and attached earlobes.

1/8 or 0.125

Genetics/Diseases

100

Tay-Sachs disease, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sickle Cell disease are all examples of this type of disorder

Autosomal recessive/Recessively inherited disorders

200

A problem during cell division that results in gametes with the wrong number of chromosomes

Nondisjuction in meiosis I or II

300

Two affected parents can have unaffected offspring, but two unaffected parents can not have affected offspring

Dominant trait/inheritance pattern

400

This type of disorder can be hard to identify genetically, especially if the penetrance is low and the allele frequency is very rare.  An example of this type of disorder would be heart disease.

Multifactorial disorders

500

This type of inheritance pattern/trait is an example of what type of genetic disease

Mitochondrial DNA linked trait/disease

Cancer Genetics

100

Occurring by chance, this type of mutation is not passed down to the next generation

Sporadic 

200

Inactivation of these genes leads to increased cell reproduction, which eventually can lead to cancer

Tumor suppressor genes

300

Passed down to half of his/her gametes, due to the fact that the entire organism carries the mutation

Germline mutation

400

This epigenetic consequence causes chromosome instability, duplicatons, deletions, and increased cell growth

hypomethylation/low methylation

500

Increased risk of cancer with two mutant copies and no direct impact on cell proliferation

Recessive cancer syndrome

GMOs

100

The process of DNA from one species taken and  inserted/joined together with another species and then inserted into a host organism, resulting in a transgenic organism 

Recombinant DNA technology

200

Triggering the degradation of the mRNA which encodes for polyphenol oxidase, this technique was used to make the Arctic apple

RNAi (RNA interference)

300

Engineered virus carrying normal gene, used to inject stem cells from patient. Cells are then transplanted back into patient

Cell-based gene therapy (Indirect delivery)

400

Can only be used in sexually reproducing species and allows genetic traits to spread rapidly through an entire population

Gene Drive

500

U.S. regulatory agencies that review and approve the use of GMOs

USDA, EPA, and FDA

Bioethics

100

Benefits and burdens distributed equally, equal recruitment, and special protection to vulnerable populations are all part of this principle in the Belmont Report

Justice

200

Could be used to treat monogenic diseases such as sickle cell anemia or muscular dystrophy

Somatic Gene Therapy

300

A communication process between clinician/researcher (as well as a signed document), taking place before the research is initiated.

Informed consent

400

A set of ethical principles for biomedical research involving human subjects (listed below)

Concern for the subject’s interest must prevail over the interests of society and science.

The right of the research subject to maintain her or his integrity must always be respected.

Each potential subject must be informed of the goals, methods, anticipated benefits, discomfort and potential hazards of the study.

Declaration of Helsinki

500

Unethically obtained from an African American woman, without her consent, these were used to study genetic disorders, cancer, cell reproduction, and so much more...

HeLa cells!