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What is the central dogma of molecular genetics? Explain which processes it entails.
DNA -> DNA = replication
DNA -> RNA = Transcription
RNA Processing
RNA -> Proteins
What are the three general steps found in transcription?
initiation, elongation, termination
What type of cells do RNA processing occur in?
Eukaryotic
What are the four stages of translation?
charging the tRNA, initiation, elongation, termination
How many amino acids are used in gene expression?
20
What are the three main types of RNA and what are the functions?
mRNA: Messenger RNA
tRNA: transfer RNA, provides polypeptide chain via anticodon matches with the mRNA
rRNA: Makes up the ribosomal subunits
Rho Factors are used in _________ termination
Rat 1 is used in _________ termination
Bacterial
Eukaryotic
What are the three general steps of RNA processing to mature mRNA?
5' cap, Poly A tail on the 3' end, and cleavage sites
Which end of the amino acid binds to the tRNA?
Carboxyl end (C-terminus)
Draw and label the general structure of an amino acid
refer to slide 3
Who proposed that genes are collinear?
Crick
Where can the TATA box be found in prokaryotes?
-10 from the transcription site
What are the three consensus sequences for RNA splicing?
3' splice site (GU), 5' splice site (AG), and a branch point (A)
What enzyme is involved with charging tRNAs?
Amino Acyl tRNA synthetase
Name and describe the four different levels of amino acid structures.
Primary: Single chain of amino acids, peptide bonds between the backbone
Secondary: Alpha helices and beta sheets. Hydrogen bonds between components of the backbones
Tertiary: 3D structure due to interactions between the side chains
Quaternary: multiple 3D structures
Draw out the central dogma in terms of location for a eukaryotic cell
Refer to slide 5
Name the different classes of RNA (NOT including tRNA, mRNA, or rRNA) and describe their functions
snRNA: processing of pre-mRNA
snoRNA: processing and assembly of rRNA
miRNA: Inhibits mRNA translation
siRNA: Triggeres degradation of other RNA molecules
piRNA: suppresses the transcription of transposable elements in reproductive cells
crRNA: Assists foriegn DNA destruction
What are the two types of alternative processing?
Alternative splicing and multiple 3' cleavage sites
What are the components needed for initiation of translation?
mRNA, small and large subunits of the ribosome, initiation factors, fMet, and GTP
What are the four types of amino acids and how do they fold into a tertiary structure?
Nonpolar: inside the structure because they are hydrophobic
Polar: outside the structure since they are hydrophilic
Acid/Base: ionic bonds with each other
Explain how Rat 1 termination is different than Rho factor termination. Go into detail.
Rat 1 chops up the mRNA to get to the site to break off with the DNA. Rho binds to the mRNA and the mRNA forms a hairpin to get Rho to the termination site.
Draw a chart of the three RNA polymerases found in eukaryotes and what they transcribe.
Pol 1: large rRNAs
Pol 2: pre-mRNA, some snRNAs, snoRNAs, some miRNAs
Pol 3: tRNAs, small rRNAs, some snRNAs, some miRNAs
What are the sizes of the large and small subunits of bacterial and eukaryotic rRNA?
Eukaryotes: 40S (Small), 60S (Large), 80S (Total)
Fill in the chart on slide six
Refer to slide seven
Refer to amino acids presented on slide four. Determine what class/type of amino acids they fall in.
nonpolar, acid, base