DNA Structure & Meiosis
This is what is made during meiosis.
What is sperm and egg (gametes)?
This term refers to the physical appearance of a trait.
What is phenotype?
Two parents who are both heterozygous (Aa) are crossed. These are the chances the child will be homozygous dominant.
What is 25% or 1/4?
This is the probability of two independent events both occurring (event 1 AND event 2).
What is the probability of event 1 times the probability of event 2?
This is the term for when heterozygous individuals have a blended or intermediate phenotype.
What is incomplete dominant?
These are the three parts of a nucleotide.
What are phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base?
This is an example of a homozygous recessive genotype.
What is "aa?" (any two lowercase letters is correct)
In pea plants, tall stems (T) is dominant to short stems (t). A heterozygous plant is crossed with a short plant. This is the expected ratio of tall to short plants in the offspring.
What is 1:1?
Two individuals that are heterozygous for two genes (AaBb) are crossed. This is the probability the offspring will be homozygous dominant for BOTH traits.
What is 1/16?
These are the two possible genotypes that produce Type B blood.
What are IBIB and IBi? (Bs should be superscripts)
This is when homologous chromosomes get together and exchange pieces of DNA during meiosis.
What is crossing over?
This is the number of dominant alleles that must be present in the genotype in order for the organism to have the dominant phenotype.
What is one?
In goldfish, bright coloring is dominant (C) and dark coloring is recessive (c). A bright goldfish is crossed with a dark goldfish. All 10 of the offspring are bright. These are most likely the parents' genotypes.
What are CC and cc?
Two individuals that are heterozygous for two genes (AaBb) are crossed. This is the probability the offspring will have the genotype Aabb.
What is 1/8?
This term describes when a second gene determines whether or not a gene is expressed.
What is epistasis?
This is the term for the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly during meiosis.
What is nondisjunction?
This is the definition of an "allele."
What is a "version of a gene?"
In pea plants, yellow color is dominant (Y) and green seed color is recessive (y). A cross between a yellow pea plant and green pea plants makes 68 yellow offspring and 71 green offspring. These are most likely the parents' genotytpes.
What are Yy and yy?
In pea plants, terminal flowers (F) are dominant to axial flowers (f), and smooth pods (P) are dominant to wrinkled pods (p). A pea plant with axial flowers and wrinkled pods is crossed with a pea plant that is heterozygous for both traits. This is the probability the offspring will have axial flowers AND smooth pods.
What is 1/4 or 25%?
This is how you can tell a trait is x-linked when looking at a pedigree.
What is it is more common in males?
These are the two reasons why sexual reproduction is better than asexual reproduction.
What is genetic diversity, protection against pathogens, ability to evolve, etc?
This is the definition of a "gene"
What is a segment/sequence of DNA needed to code for one protein?
In pea plants, purple flowers(P) are dominant and white flowers are recessive (p). A cross between two purple flowers produces 77 purple flowers and 23 white flowers. These are most likely the parents' genotypes.
What are Pp and Pp?
In pea plants, terminal flowers (F) are dominant to axial flowers (f), and smooth pods (P) are dominant to wrinkled pods (p). A pea plant with axial flowers and wrinkled pods is crossed with a pea plant that is heterozygous for both traits. This is the probability the offspring will have axial flowers AND smooth pods, or terminal flowers AND wrinkled pods.
What is 1/2 or 50%?
Skin color is an example of this type of inheritance.
What is polygenic inheritance?