Transcription
What are the 3 mRNA modifications made after transcription?
1. 5' G Cap
2. 3' Poly-A-Tail
3. Splicing
What are the overall sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?
Eukaryotic: 80S
Prokaryotic: 70S
What happens if a broken piece of a chromosome is acentric?
Patua Syndrome
A bacterial strain that requires an organic form of carbon (food) is called...
Heterotrophic
What is mRNA editing?
Adding or removing uracils
Describe the wobble hypothesis.
The codon and anticodon do not have the be a perfect match in the third position because it could still code for the same amino acid.
What is an interstitial deletion and what is the consequence (acentric).
2 breaks on a chromosome leads to the loss of an internal segment of a chromosome
47, XXY is known as...
What sexual structure is required during conjugation?
Pilus
What subunits make up the prokaryotic RNA polymerase holoenzyme?
2 alpha (a)
2 Beta (B)
1 sigma (o)
1 omega (w)
What is the "true start codon" during translation in eukaryotes? What is the sequence?
Kozak sequence
ACCAUGG
What is the result of unequal crossing over?
partial duplication on one homolog and partial deletion on the other.
Jacobs Syndrome is denoted as...
47, XYY
What is the process by which bacteria acquire free DNA from the environment?
Transformation
List the 3 main components that make up the preinitiation complex in eukaryotes.
1. TFIID
2. TBP: TATA Binding Protein
3. RNA Polymerase II
What 2 things are needed to terminate translation?
A stop codon and a release factor.
Explain Euploid vs Anueploid.
Euploid is the correct number and aneuploid is any number of chromosomes that is not normal.
What can an Hfr cell donate during conjugation?
It's host chromosome.
List the 3 consensus sequences in eukaryotic transcription and where they are.
1. GC Box at -90
2. CAAT Box at -70
3. TATA (Goldberg/Hogness) Box at -25
Describe all 4 protein structure levels.
Primary: chain of amino acids
Secondary: a-helices and B-sheets due to backbone interactions
Tertiary: Side chain interactions of 1 polypeptide
Quaternary: interactions between multiple polypeptides.
What kind of chromosome abnormality causes crossover suppression?
Inversions
What is the difference between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy?
Autopolyploidy is a duplication of chromosome sets within a species and allopolyploidy is combining chromosome sets from different species.
What's the difference between an amino acid mutant and a sugar mutant?
An amino acid mutant requires the amino acids it can't make in the media, but a sugar mutant cannot survive on the media of the sugar that it cannot use.
Ex. Met- requires methionine for growth and Gal- cannot grow or survive on a galactose media