Genetics Vocabulary
Definition: The Study of how traits are transferred from parents to offspring
Genetics
What is the purpose of meiosis in living organisms?
To produce gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes.
What is the term for different forms of a gene?
allele
A trait that overpowers the other trait.
Dominant
If the parent cell has 52 chromosomes during Mitosis, how many chromosomes does each daughter cell have?
52 Chromosomes
Definition: Children of parents,..the YOUNG
Offspring
During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase I.
If a trait is controlled by two alleles, one dominant and one recessive, which one will be expressed in the phenotype?
The dominant allele.
A trait that disappears when paired with a trait that "takes over."
Meiosis results in this many MORE daughter cells than mitosis
2 Daughter Cells
Definition: Stores genetic information. In the Nucleus, Made from DNA. Humans have 46 in most cells
Chromosomes
How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis, and how do they compare to the parent cell?
Four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
What is the probability of producing a heterozygous offspring if both parents are heterozygous for a trait?
50%.
What does Homozygous and Heterozygous mean?
Homozygous means when 2 genes (Alleles) are the SAME
Heterozygous means when 2 genes (Alleles) are DIFFERENT
In humans, the 4 daughter cells of meiosis contain how many chromosomes EACH?
23 Chromosomes
Definition: Separate units of inherited information from each parent. Located IN chromosomes. Carries a trait
Genes
What is independent assortment, and why is it important?
Independent assortment is the random distribution of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I, which increases genetic variation.
In incomplete dominance, what phenotype would result from crossing a red-flowered plant (RR) with a white-flowered plant (WW)?
Pink-flowered plant (RW).
Describe each parents genes as dominant or recessive along with whether or not their genes are homozygous or heterozygous
Parent 1 has the genes: Bb (Black hair)
Parent 2 has the genes: bb (Brown hair)
Parent 1: Heterozygous Dominant
Parent 2: Homozygous Recessive
What is the main difference between Meiosis and Mitosis in terms of variation?
Mitosis's 2 daughter cells are clones and have no genetic variation.
Meiosis's 4 daughter cells have genetic variation and are all different from one another
Definition: Structures that build life translated from gene
Proteins
What is nondisjunction, and what can it result in?
Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis, which can result in conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21).
What is a polygenic trait, and can you give an example?
A polygenic trait is controlled by multiple genes. An example is human skin color or height.
Black fur (A) is dominant to brown fur (a) and brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b) in mice. Parent 1 has both homozygous recessive traits. Parent 2 has both homozygous dominant traits. What will their offspring look like? How do we know that?
Parent 1: aa and bb
Parent 2: AA and BB
Offspring: Aa and Bb
(Black fur with Brown Eyes)
Which phase of Meiosis does DNA replication NOT occur?
Prophase II