Mutations
Nonsense Mutation
Codes for a premature stop codon leading to truncation of protein
What is the central dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Test Cross
A unknown genotype is crossed with an all recessive genotype to determine the genotype of the unknown parent.
Chromosomal Deletion
A part of a chromosomal is removed and is highly deadly for the organism
Coordinate Genes
Maternal genes that orient posterior/anterior segments of the body.
Silent Mutations
Point mutations that do not change the amino acid encoded.
If you mutated the 2nd U into an A in this mRNA sequence: 5'-AUGGUGGAGGUUUUG-3' what affect will it have?
No translation will occur since you are removing the start codon
What is the genotype frequency of Aa X aa
1 (Aa): 1 (aa)
Euchromatin
Chromatin that is being actively expressed
Out of Fungi, Animals, or Plants which ones are most closely related
Fungi and Animals
A base that transiently turns into a isomer and this isomer complements to a different base. This causes after replication the isomer to turn back to normal but the other strand is mutated.
Tautomeric Shift
What effect a nonsense mutation have on translation if it happened in the small subunit of ribosome.
mRNA would not be translated since the small subunit is responsible for positioning the shine dalgarno sequence for the first start codon
Dihybrid Cross Ratio
9:3:3:1
Prokaryotic Chromosomes Condensation
Linear and Circular
-Arranged in loops
Orthologs
Pairs of homologous genes which have emerged through a speciation event
You have a sequence: #1 5'-ATGAGTAGTCTCA-3' #2 5'-ATGAGTAGTCTCA-3' if the protein does not change, but mRNA decreases what mutation is this?
A mutation in the promoter region
Viral - Sense
RNA -> DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
PpFf X PpFF
What is the prob of having ppFf?
1/4*1/2 = 1/8
Nucleosome
DNA wrapped around histone proteins
Paralogs
Pairs of homologues genes which have emerged through a gene duplication event.
DNA Slippage
Repeats in DNA sequence for a loop which pulls the DNA poly 3 back repeating the sequence.
H1 protein
Link nucleosomes together
Phenotype of an indivual is a blend between the phenotypes of the parents.
Incomplete Dominance
How is a base change mutation found by enzymes?
By a distortion in the double helix shape
What enzymes does all of life have to make an outgroup?