DNA Replication
When does DNA replication take place in the cell cycle?
During Interphase - specifically the S phase. It prepares the cell before going through mitosis/meiosis.
How many nucleotides make up a codon?
3
What types of cells does mitosis create?
Body/Somatic cells
What are the two gametes?
Sperm and egg cells
DOUBLE JEOPARDY:
*Only the team that chose this category gets to answer.
What year was the first iPhone released?
2007
Replicate the following DNA strand:
3' - ATTCGATGGGTA - 5'
5' - TAAGCTACCCAT - 3'
What is the Central Dogma aka Protein Synthesis?
(Hint: you need 5 terms to represent this process)
DNA -> mRNA -> Protein
Transcription Translation
How many times does PMAT have to occur in mitosis?
1 time
Why do our gametes need half the number of chromosomes as our somatic cells?
This is because of sexual reproduction. The mother has 23 and the father has 23 to come together to make a zygote with 46 chromosomes.
How can you tell gender when looking at a karyotype?
The last set of chromosomes shows the gender of the individual. XX would have 2 large chromosomes. XY has one large chromosome and one small chromosome.
What direction is the newly synthesized DNA strand built in?
5' -> 3'
If the mRNA codon reads AUG, what does the tRNA anticodon read?
UAC
How many daughter cells result from mitosis?
Are they identical?
2
Yes, they are identical
What phase does crossing over occur?
Also, what is so important about crossing over?
-Prophase I
-It creates genetic uniqueness! It's why you are a mixture of your parents. The homologous chromosomes swapped DNA.
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
AND what bonds hold the backbone together?
AND what bonds hold the inner "rungs" of the ladder together?
3 parts of a nucleotide: sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Sugar & phosphate backbone held together by covalent bonds
Nitrogen bases held together by hydrogen bonds
DNA replication is said to be "semi-conservative." What does this mean?
When the two new strands of DNA are formed, they are half from the original strand, and the other half is newly synthesized.
Transcription:
-Where does it take place?
-What RNA types are used?
Translation:
-Where does it take place?
-What RNA types are used?
Transcription:
-Nucleus
-mRNA
Translation:
-Ribosomes (can be in cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum)
-mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
What do your chromosomes look like BEFORE the S phase?
What do they look like AFTER the S phase?
After: X
1. At the beginning of meiosis, the cell you start with is diploid/haploid?
2. After meiosis I, the two cells are diploid/haploid?
3. After meiosis II, the four cells are diploid/haploid?
1. Diploid
2. Haploid (chromosomes are still duplicated)
3. Haploid (chromosomes are not duplicated any more)
What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA: has thymine, double stranded, deoxyribose, stays in the nucleus
RNA: has uracil, single strand, ribose, can leave the nucleus
What do each of the following enzymes do in DNA replication?
-Helicase
-Primase
-DNA Polymerase
-Ligase
Helicase: unzips the DNA strand
Primase: lays down RNA primers to tell the DNA where to start replicating
DNA Polymerase: adds complementary base pairs (A-T & C-G), replaces RNA with DNA, and proofreads
Ligase: glues together the okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
Transcribe and translate the following DNA strand:
3' - TAC ATA GTA TTA ACT - 5'
DNA: 3' - TAC ATA GTA TTA ACT - 5'
mRNA: 5' - AUG UAU CAU AAU UGA - 3'
Amino Acids: met - tyr - his - asn(asp) - stop (this will then fold into a protein!)
Use Chargaff's Rule to determine the answer.
A DNA sequence is made of 30% thymine. How much cytosine is present in the DNA sequence?
20%
Thymine = 30
Adenine = 30
30 + 30 = 60
100 - 60 = 40
40 / 2 = 20
Cytosine = 20
Guanine = 20
When do your homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
When do your sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?
-Metaphase I
-Metaphase II
RANDOM:
What is the name of Mrs. Lu's dog?
Hint: it is the name of a sweet food
Churro!